PRODUCTIVITY OF THE NATURAL STEPPE PASTURES IN THE HEREFORDS GRAZING AREAS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TYVA

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Л.Т. МОНГУШ ◽  
Б.М. ЛУДУ ◽  
Б.К. КАН-ООЛ
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Artemisia Frigida ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Festuca Valesiaca ◽  
The Republic

Представлены результаты исследования травостоя степных пастбищ на местах выпаса породы герефордов в условиях Республики Тыва. Выявлен видовой состав трех растительных сообществ, определены продуктивность их надземной фитомассы, распределение растений по экологическим группам, и проанализирован спектр жизненных форм. Рассчитан коэффициент закустаренности и поедаемости на изучаемых пастбищах. Наибольшее значение коэффициента закустаренности на злаково-разнотравно-кустарниковом участке (№ 2) — 0,51; ковыльно-стоповидно-осоково-кустарниковом (№ 3) — 0,19; наименьшее — на разнотравно-стоповидно-осоковом с караганой карликовой (№ 1) — 0,08. Выявлено, что на всех участках травостой представлен травянистыми многолетниками, кустарниками и полукустарниками. Типичные ксерофиты (эуксерофиты), наиболее характерные для настоящих степей, составляют основу данных растительных сообществ. Доля ксерофитов, к которым относятся тонконог тонкий (Koeleria cristata), ковыль. (Stipa pennata), мятлик (Poa attenuate), типчак (Festuca valesiaca), осока твердоватая (Carex duriuscula), лапчатка бесстебельная (Potentilla acaulis) и вильчатая (Р. bifurca) карагана карликовая (Caragana pygmaea), полынь холодная (Artemisia frigidа), колеблется от 45,45% до 65%. Ксеромезофиты встречаются на всех трех площадках, доля их колеблется от 9,09% до 22,22%. Продуктивность надземной фитомассы на участках № 1 составила 6,88 ц/га, № 2 — 6,26 ц/га, № 3 — 6,15 ц/га. Масса подстилки — относительно высокая на всех участках, так как учет продуктивности проведен в начале июня, когда только заканчивается переход ветоши в подстилку. Основу травостоя составляют хорошо поедаемые злаки, осоки и полукустарники. В настоящее время состояние пастбищ вполне удовлетворительное, несмотря на невысокое видовое разнообразие. The results of the study of the steppe pastures grass stand in the Hereford breed grazing areas in the conditions of the Republic of Tyva are presented. The species composition of three plant communities was revealed, the productivity of their aboveground phytomass was determined, the distribution of plants by ecological groups and the spectrum of life forms was analyzed. The coefficient of overgrowth and palatability on the studied pastures is calculated. The highest value of the coefficient of overgrowth on the gramineous-forb-shrubby plot (No. 2) is 0.51; needlegrass-pediform-sedgy-shrubby plot (No. 3) is 0.19; the lowest is on the forb-pediform-sedgy plot with pygmy pea shrub (No. 1) is 0.08. It was revealed that in all plots the grass stand crop is represented with herbaceous plurannuals, shrubs and subshrubs. Typical xerophytes (euxerophytes), the most typical for these steppes, form the basis of these plant communities. The proportion of xerophytes, which include thin June grass (Koeleria cristata), needlegrass (Stipa pennata), bluegrass (Poa attenuate), sheep fescue (Festuca valesiaca), hard sedge (Carex duriuscula), acauline cinquefoil (Potentilla acaulis) and forcipate (R. bifurca), pygmy pea shrub (Caragana pygmaea), pasture sagebrush (Artemisia frigida), ranges from 45.45 to 65%. Xeromesophytes are found at all three plots, their share ranges from 9.09 to 22.22%. The productivity of aboveground phytomass in plots No. 1 was 6.88 c/ha, No. 2 — 6.26 c/ha, No. 3 — 6.15 c/ha. The mass of the bedding is relatively high in all plots, since the productivity was taken into account at the beginning of June, when the transition of rags to the bedding is just finishing. The basis of the grass stand is well-eaten cereals, sedges and subshrubs. Currently, the condition of the pastures is quite satisfactory, despite the low species diversity.

scholarly journals CALCIPHILOUS FLORA OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA AND ITS PROTECTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana B. Silaeva ◽  
◽  
Ekaterina G. Popkova ◽  
Julia P. Uchevatkina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
The Republic

The article considers the species composition, the ratio of life forms and ecological groups in relation to the hydration of the calcifilic flora of the Republic of Mordovia. Most of the 29 obligate calcefites are located near the borders of their ranges, many are included in the regional Red book, but they are not protected by regional protection.

Carabidae of Barnaul city parks: ecological characteristics and species composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-353
Author(s):  
E. A. Kuchina ◽  
N. D. Ovcharenko ◽  
L. D. Vasileva
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Species Diversity Index ◽  
Steppe Species

<p>Anthropogenic impact on the population of ground beetles leads to a change in their numbers, structure of dominance, density, species composition, spectrum of life forms. This makes the beetles Carabidae a convenient and informative bioindicator of the ecological state of biocenoses. The material for this work was the Carabidae collections conducted in June-August 2016-2017 in the park zone of different regions of Barnaul, differing in location, area, hydrological regime, vegetation cover, purpose and anthropogenic load. When processing the material, the quantitative, species and generic composition of the carabidae was determined, calculations were made for such indicators as the Berger-Parker dominance index, the Shannon species diversity index (Hs), and the Jacquard species similarity index. The fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the park zone of Barnaul is represented by 55 species belonging to 20 genera. The dominant group is represented by species belonging to steppe, forest and polyzonal groups. Forest-steppe species of ground beetles as dominants have not been identified in any of the investigated territories. The greatest variety of ecological groups was noted on the territory of the Yubileyny рark, which is explained by the presence of zones with various microclimatic conditions, the presence of a birch grove that flows through the park with the Pivovarka River, and a wide log in the park. Registered species belong to eight groups of life forms belonging to two classes - zoophagous and myxophytophagous. On the numerical and species abundance, zoophages predominate. The spectrum of life forms corresponds to the zonal spectrum characteristic of the forest-steppe zone.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals XYLOTROPHIC BASIDIOMYCETES OF SMALL-LEAVED FORESTS OF THE KOSTROMA REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-9
Author(s):  
E. V. Maramokhin
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Xylotrophic Basidiomycetes ◽  
Substrate Specialization ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
Species Similarity ◽  
Birch Forests

This paper provides an overview of the biology and species diversity of xylotrophic basidiomycetes, as well as the biotopic relationships of xylotroph mycobiota with phytocenoses. Ecological groups of these organisms are considered in connection with substrate specialization and their species similarity in birch and aspen small-leaved forests of different pharmacy. A brief assessment of the influence of the anthropogenic factor on the biological diversity of the represented group of organisms is given. For the first time, the Kostroma region is divided into southern, central, and northern parts to assess species diversity depending on weather, climate, and phytocenotic factors. The data on the study of changes in the degree of integration of mycocenoses of birch and aspen forests within the studied areas of the region are presented. In total, over 60 species of xylotrophic basidiomycetes were found in the small-leaved forests in the region, among which 38 species primarily affected birch forests and 40 species of pathogenic xylotrophic basidiomycetes have tropism for P. tremula. It was established that species belonging to the Coriolaseae family predominate in the species composition of wood-destroying mycobiota; they comprise about 27% of the total species composition in birch forests and about 24% of the species composition in aspen forests.

scholarly journals Fauna of mantids and orthopterans (Insecta: Mantodea, Orthoptera) of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, Russia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1194-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER B. RUCHIN ◽  
ANDREY P. MIKHAILENKO
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Vulnerable Species ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Nature Reserve ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
State Nature

Ruchin A, Mikhailenko AP. 2018. Fauna of mantids and orthopterans (Insecta: Mantodea, Orthoptera) of the Mordovia StateNature Reserve, Russia. Biodiversitas 19: 1194-1206. The data on the distribution and habitat confinement of one Mantodea species and44 Orthoptera species in the Mordovia State Nature Reserve are given. Of these, one species of Orthoptera (Calliptamus italicus) isrecorded for the first time for the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, four species (Mantis religiosa, Phaneroptera falcata, Conocephalusfuscus, Tettigonia caudata) are recently penetrated, one species (Conocephalus fuscus) is reported in the Republic of Mordovia for thefirst time. In the fauna of mantids and orthopterans of the Mordovia Reserve, three ecological groups were identified: polytopic, notconfined to certain biotopes (14 species), hygrophilous representatives of intrazonal habitats (5 species) and xerophiles. Among thelatter, there are species of extrazonal habitats (13 species) and confined to dry pine forests (7 species). The steppe group was notrepresented. For the three key habitats with the largest number of identified species, brief botanical descriptions are given. Factorsinfluencing the species composition and current state of fauna of mantises and orthopterans of the Mordovia Reserve are discussed, andmeasures are proposed for the conservation of vulnerable species.

scholarly journals Pasture degradation of the Southern Kulunda steppes (Altai Krai)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-359
Author(s):  
N. V. Elesova
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Grassland Degradation ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Load Growth ◽  
Pasture Load ◽  
Pasture Degradation ◽  
Grass Stand

The article considers the results of the study of degraded bunchgrass steppes state in the Southern Kulunda area (2013-2018). It points out stages of the grassland degradation and estimates changes in the following: species composition, vertical and horizontal grass stand structure, supply of the aboveground phytomass as a result of pasture load growth.

scholarly journals Short-term isolation of the bunchgrass steppes of the Southern Kulunda

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-362
Author(s):  
N. V. Elesova
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aboveground Phytomass ◽  
Pasture Load ◽  
Pasture Degradation ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Conservation Method

The article considers the results of the experiment to improve the condition of the degraded bunchgrass steppes of the Southern Kulunda at different stages of pasture degradation by the conservation method (2013-2018). The change in the species composition, structure of the grass stand, supply of aboveground phytomass and its components as a result of decreasing pasture load is presented.

scholarly journals Restoration of agroecosystems in the Republic of Tyva

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
A. D. Sambuu
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Initial Control ◽  
Species Composition Of Vegetation ◽  
Characteristic Sets ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Key Sites

Until 1995, a special study of the flora and vegetation of Tuva agroecosystems was not carried out. This work is devoted to the research of features of overgrowth of abandoned arable land, species composition of vegetation, productivity, stages of healing and their duration, prospects of their use as forage lands. Purpose. To determine the main trends of fallow ecosystems in the course of succession: changes in the species composition of phytocenoses, a set of dominant species, ecological groups of plants, the structure of plant matter and primary products in different edaphic conditions, but in the same climatic zone. Methods. For the study of each succession, key sites on the initial (control) and successional ecosystems were selected, where changes in the species composition of communities, the composition of dominants, phytomass stocks and its structure were studied. The studies were conducted in the period 1997-2018. Results. In the sharply continental climate of Tuva, the development of agriculture without irrigation has not justified itself. In the 50-60 years of the last century there were periods of mass development of virgin lands. In the early 1990s, the area of land cultivated for cultivation began to decline sharply. It is shown that the fallow succession proceeds naturally and synchronously. Summary. In arid conditions of Tuva, the initial stage of succession (0-4 years) is weeds. The first intermediate stage (4-7 years) is marked on all deposits by the absolute dominance of wheatgrass and the appearance of dominants characteristic of a certain type of steppes. The second intermediate stage (7-11 years) is characterized in that all deposits are dominated by species of the original indigenous steppes. The late stage (11-20 years) is the phase of formation of terminal communities with characteristic sets of species for each steppe, including the dominant ones.

scholarly journals Soil algae in urban ecosystems of the city of Mariupol

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
O. G. Shekhovtseva
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Algal Flora ◽  
Soil Algae ◽  
Benchmark Analysis ◽  
Algal Groups ◽  
The City

In the present time, a special attention is paid, worldwide, to the investigation of the biodiversity in ecosystems, as a important characteristic of the ecological investigations. The processes of urbanization of natural landscapes have caused some changes of biological factor of the soil formation and also of the formation of artificial ecological systems. The algae are an indispensable part of ecosystems, performing an important regulatory function in them. So aim of the research was to determine the systematic, environmental features, species composition of algae communities of soil in the city Mariupol (Donetsk region). Structural features of algae soil in habitats with various character of action of factors of urbanized environment are subjected to benchmark analysis. Results of use algal groups for monitoring soils of urbanized ecosystem are described. Problems of algae participation in maintenance of surface ecosystems stability under anthropogenic pressure on the environment have been discussed. Species composition and indication properties of soil algae as biological pollution indicators of the protected of the urbanized soils have been studied. The results of researches of various soil algal flora of arboreal plantations and lawns of the Mariupol industrial city are resulted. Conclusions about the influence of various kinds of anthropogenic effect upon of species diversity algae are given. Specific lines of algal groups of arboreal plantations and lawns of urban ecosystems are shown. The variety of the soil algae species has been investigated. Systematic structure at the level of orders, families, genera correlation of algae soil, life-forms are considered. The green and blue-green algae were found to be prevail, it was proved that they are the basis of dominate species complex. The greatest quantity of kinds of seaweed is allocated in zonal soils. The leading position in all investigated groups take representatives of Chlorophyta, except of the steppe phytocenoses, where the most various is the section of Cyanophyta. The increasing of species diversity of Xanthophyta is observed in the soils of background parts of man-planted forest phytocenoses. They are traditionally considered to be the index of purity of soil. Low species diversity of algoflora is a peculiarity of the city soils. Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta prevail, one-cell Xanthophyta are poor developed. A checklist of soil algal flora of the city of Mariupol is includes 78 species from five divisions: Chlorophyta – 32 (41,0 %), Cyanophyta – 25 (32,1 %), Xanthophyta – 9 (11,5 %), Bacillariophyta – 8 (10,3 %), Eustigmatophyta – 4 (5,1 %). Structural features of algae soil in habitats with various character of action of factors of urbanized environment are subjected to benchmark analysis. Including arboreal plantations 68 species: Chlorophyta – 27 (39,7 %), Cyanophyta – 20 (29,4 %), Xanthophyta – 12 (17,7 %), Bacillariophyta – 6 (8,8 %), Eustigmatophyta – 3 (4,4 %); in lawns 49 species – 23 (46,9 %), – 13 (26,5 %), – 4 (8,2 %), – 7 (14,3 %), – 2 (4,1 %) accordingly. On results researches of quantity of algal flora of urbanized soils the change of quantity is marked on the whole toward a decline. Abundance and biomass of soil algae of different in various ecosystems are given. Fluctuation ranges in biomass of algae of arboreal plantations and lawns have been registered. The species composition, ecological structure algae of arboreal plantations and lawns was analyzed. Ecological structure of algal communities of arboreal plantations and lawns: Ch16Р15С12X8H6B5M2CF2ampf2 (68) and Ch15P10В6С6Н5Х3М1NF1CF1amph1 (49) accordingly. Among the algae life forms Ch-, P-, X- and C-forms are domination (58 %).

scholarly journals Features of the plant communities formation in "Gurzufsky" Park

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
I. I. Golovnev ◽  
Yu. V. Plugatar ◽  
E. E. Golovneva
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Landscape Characteristics ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
The Stability ◽  
First Time ◽  
Landscape Map

The article reveals the features of the organization of plant formations of the park-monument "Gurzufsky". For the first time, the characteristics and layout of 12 cultures of phytocenoses (CFC) that dominate the park landscape are presented. A histogram of the distribution of woody and shrubby plants by species composition in the CFC is given. A landscape map of "Gurzufsky" Park has been developed, taking into account the geo-morphological and ecological-phytocenotic features of the territory. The assessment of landscape morphological units from the position of the possibility of growing plants of various ecological groups was made, a scheme for assessing the phytoecological potential of the park was developed, where four categories of park territories were identified according to the degree of favorability for growing introduced plants. The analysis of key morphometric landscape characteristics and calculations of the values of the weighted average value of the plantings’ state (AVPS) forming the CFC, on the basis of which the stability of park groupings is determined, are carried out. In the course of comparative studies, the possibility of predicting the optimal species composition of park CFCs with high ecological plasticity for solving various tasks related to the organization of garden and park space has been established.

The Impact of Animals on Species Diversity in Arid-Land Plant Communities

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Wilby ◽  
Bertrand Boeken
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Ecosystem Engineering ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Plant Species Diversity ◽  
Arid Ecosystems ◽  
Animal Activity

There are many mechanisms whereby animal activity can directly or indirectly influence the species diversity of plant communities. Most obviously, herbivory can influence the species composition directly through plant mortality or indirectly by changing the outcome of interspecific competition (Hulme 1996). Animals may also affect plant species composition by modifying the physical structure of the environment such that the flow of resources required for plant growth is altered. Such physical effects mediated by the physical structure of the environment have been termed ‘ecosystem engineering’ (defined in table 11.1; Jones et al. 1994, 1997, Lawton 1994, Lawton and Jones 1995). Animals may have other functions that influence the persistence of populations (e.g., pollination) or the colonization of new sites (seed dispersal). In this chapter we aim to provide an overview of how these diverse effects of animals influence plant species diversity, and to this end, we propose community assembly theory as a conceptual framework. Community assembly theory provides us with a schematic representation of the vital steps involved in the determination of species presence or absence at a particular site. By asking how might animal activity influence each of the steps of assembly, we ensure a comprehensive outlook on how animals affect plant species diversity. That said, we restrict ourselves in this chapter to ecological mechanisms and we do not consider evolutionary effects that are of undoubted importance at higher levels of spatial and temporal scales. Following our discussion of animal effects on community assembly, we highlight two case studies of herbivores arising from recent research in Israel. We use insights provided by these examples to suggest mechanisms that are likely to be of particular importance in arid ecosystems. For example, we suggest that since the flow of water, the primary limiting factor in these systems, is so easily influenced by structural changes in the environment, physical ecosystem engineering may be a relatively important, though previously neglected, interaction type in arid ecosystems. The processes governing which species occur in a particular plant community can be summarized very simply.

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