Potensi dan Keragaman Tumbuhan Bawah Non-Kayu Di Lahan Bera Kampung Womnowi Distrik Sidey Manokwari Papua Barat

During successionally process the non-woody plant understory cover related to dominance of tree vegetation around successional land. Fallow land are models of secondary successional are present the land of New Guinea (Papua). The study was conducted at fallow land 15 years old Womnowi, Sidey Manokwari West Papua to determine the important value index (IVI), diversity, evenness, and describe potential species composition of vegetation non-woody plant understory cover. We used continouse line sampling method when field inventory and make purposive sampling 2x2 m each a plot 20x20 m. We had found 749 individual part of 41 species, highest IVI are Sellaginella wyldenowii (25.04%), Selaginella sp (23.44%)., and Spathoglottis plicata (14.60%), diversity index Shannon-Weiner (Hʹ) is 3.13, and evenness (E) is 0.84. We also had found orchids and some unique Arecaceae and some species can used by local wisdom like Diplazium esculentum and Pothos spp. Based the floristic composition of analysis vegetation we temporary conclude non-woody plant understory cover are shade plant.

Current State and Conditions of Landscape Formation of Ilovlya River Floodplain (Middle Don)

The basis for the study is instrumental terrain profiling using level, geobotanical descriptions, GPR studies, soil sections and manual drilling with a soil sampler. The species composition of vegetation indicates very rare and short-term flooding in high water. Vegetation elements of the low floodplain are marked on the areas directly adjacent to the riverbed at altitudes up to 1.5 m above the inter-level level. Further, along the profile, there are no signs of flooding and standing water. In the soil section there are no iron oxide (II and III) and fading of salts in all horizons up to the depth of 150 sm. The borders between horizons are expressed unclear. This indicates sufficient surface moisture and thus washing of the upper horizons of the soil. The floodplain oak forest is in good condition, there are no dry-top trees. This also indicates that the soil and groundwater are not saline. Studies have shown that the location of the groundwater mirror is close to horizontal, and its level exactly corresponds to the water level in the river. This position of the ground water mirror is typical for river floodplains that occupy an intermediate position between the floodplains of humid and arid zones. The relief of the river floodplain was formed in more water years than observed in the late 20th – early 21st centuries. The first floodplain level (low floodplain) has an excess of no more than 1–1.5 meters above the inter-level of the river. In modern hydrological conditions, only this level is guaranteed to flood every spring.

Change in species composition of vegetation on various-aged set-aside lands of the Volga Delta

The object of the present research is set-aside lands of various ages. The study was aimed to identify the main biological groups of weed growing on set-aside lands of the Volga Delta, which were removed from production in different years. Within the study, species composition of set-aside lands’ vegetation was defined, which amounted to 28 species and 16 families. The plant community of set-aside lands includes such large families as Asteraceae (5 species), Poaceae (4 species), Brassicaceae (3 species). It was observed that quantitative species composition of set-aside lands’ flora has been changing depending on its age: the older a set-aside land is, the less species grow there. In spring and summer seasons, ephemeral, annual and biennial weeds prevailed, while in autumn perennial plants did: the latter were estimated of 75-80%, their wet weight amounted up to 70-92% of total weight due to the plentiful growth and development of a perennial rhizome plant named Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel. The research has lasted for 10 years and allowed observing a 14-32% increase in a number of plants belonging to a xerophyte group on longstanding set-aside lands with low level of soil moisture. Agro-ecosystems of various-aged set-aside lands hosted the development of flora having different vegetative weight that is capable of accumulating solar energy. Significant amount of accumulated energy reduced the entropy of the environment and improved its ecological state. On an old-aged set-aside land, corps of perennial plants vegetating for a long time have been maximally accumulating energy and gained 25712.42 MJ/ha.

Restoration of agroecosystems in the Republic of Tyva

Until 1995, a special study of the flora and vegetation of Tuva agroecosystems was not carried out. This work is devoted to the research of features of overgrowth of abandoned arable land, species composition of vegetation, productivity, stages of healing and their duration, prospects of their use as forage lands. Purpose. To determine the main trends of fallow ecosystems in the course of succession: changes in the species composition of phytocenoses, a set of dominant species, ecological groups of plants, the structure of plant matter and primary products in different edaphic conditions, but in the same climatic zone. Methods. For the study of each succession, key sites on the initial (control) and successional ecosystems were selected, where changes in the species composition of communities, the composition of dominants, phytomass stocks and its structure were studied. The studies were conducted in the period 1997-2018. Results. In the sharply continental climate of Tuva, the development of agriculture without irrigation has not justified itself. In the 50-60 years of the last century there were periods of mass development of virgin lands. In the early 1990s, the area of land cultivated for cultivation began to decline sharply. It is shown that the fallow succession proceeds naturally and synchronously. Summary. In arid conditions of Tuva, the initial stage of succession (0-4 years) is weeds. The first intermediate stage (4-7 years) is marked on all deposits by the absolute dominance of wheatgrass and the appearance of dominants characteristic of a certain type of steppes. The second intermediate stage (7-11 years) is characterized in that all deposits are dominated by species of the original indigenous steppes. The late stage (11-20 years) is the phase of formation of terminal communities with characteristic sets of species for each steppe, including the dominant ones.

Dynamics of succession processes on sulphide-containing mine dumps as a result of their optimization

When optimizing the relief at the top of the trapezoidal sulfide-containing mine dump, young soil (embryozem) was formed as a result of abio- and biotic factors. In parallel with the formation of embryozems, primary succession processes are developing. As a result, the species composition of vegetation, the staging and intensity of progressive succession were studied depending on the mesorelief of dumps in accordance with the weathering and soil formation processes developing over time. The properties and indicators of young soil in depressions and sulfide rock (control) 25 years after the completion of the dumping of the rock pile were studied. As a result of optimization at the top of the dump, the processes of formation of embryozems in the depressions are significantly accelerated.

Unfenced Borders Cause Differences in Vegetation and Fauna Between Protected and Unprotected Areas in a Tropical Savanna

Protected areas generally occur within a matrix of intensively human-modified landscapes. As a way to maintain the biodiversity in these areas, enclosure by fencing is often preferred. This strategy, however, is costly and little is known about the effectiveness of the alternative of unfenced borders on the vegetation and fauna. The objectives of this study are to assess whether there is a distinct difference in biodiversity and composition of plants and mammals between the protected Lake Mburo National Park and the adjacent ranchlands across an unfenced border and to determine the associations between vegetation and faunal species over the same border. We recorded herbaceous vegetation, woody vegetation, and mammal species composition in plots 300 to 500 m away from the border both inside the protected area and in the adjacent ranchlands. The species composition of herbs and mammals in the protected area differ from the adjacent ranchlands, but there is no difference for trees and shrubs. After accounting for land-use type, distance from the border did not significantly account for any additional variation. We also find a correlation between the species composition of vegetation and fauna. Our results suggest that unfenced borders around protected areas create a clear effect.

Age and Land Use as Factors Differentiating Hydrochemistry and Plant Cover of Astatic Ponds in Post-Agricultural Landscape

Small, astatic ponds are important features of post-glacial landscape, which support heterogeneity and biodiversity of agricultural areas. In the presented research we explored differences in hydrochemistry and plant cover of 20 small ponds located in Northeastern Poland, characterized by diverse age and developed in differently managed areas. According to our research, though changes in water level are under direct influence of water balance in the catchment, to which belonged the ponds, their hydrochemistry seemed to be shaped by processes at the level lower than the catchment scale. Age of the ponds appeared to be an important factor influencing density and species composition of vegetation developed on the studied ponds.

Spring fen Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae in the Polish Western Carpathians – vegetation diversity in relation to soil and feeding waters

<p>The species composition of vegetation associated with the Carpathian fens primarily depends on the type of water present and the hydrological feeding of the soils that occur there. These, in turn, shape the fertility of the fens. Those with typically formed <em>Carici-Agrostietum caninae</em> and <em>Valeriano-Caricetum flavae</em> fundamentally differ in the properties of their soils and feeding waters. These include differences in mineral content, pH, CaCO₃ levels, degree of peat decomposition, electrical conductivity and oxygenation of the waters that feed the fens. <em>Carici-Agrostietum caninae</em> is a homogenous plant association adapted to extreme habitat conditions. It is characterized by a very narrow range of essential soil and feeding water parameters. <em>Valeriano-Caricetum flavae</em> is a highly diverse association. Considerable diversity both in terms of plant species and vegetation structure reflects very wide ranges in the properties of soil and feeding water. Vegetation patches of transitory character were also identified. These contained plant species characteristic of both associations. The character of the vegetation depends mainly on fen soil pH and the degree of mineralization of the feeding waters. It is only these parameters that allow intermediate patches to be clearly distinguished. The degree of peat decomposition, mineral content and water oxygenation all differ for <em>Carici-Agrostietum caninae</em> and <em>Valeriano-Caricetum flavae</em>, whereas the values for intermediate patches display a range of parameters typical of both investigated associations. Consequently, vegetation present in these patches reflects to a greater or lesser extent one of the two analyzed plant associations.</p>

Classification of Roadside Weeds along Two Highways in Different Climatic Zones According to Ecomorphological Traits

Growth of vegetation in curbside cracks causes deterioration of asphalt and curbs, reducing road longevity and safety capabilities. Road managers spend a considerable amount of time and money on roadside vegetation management every year. The vegetation in curbside cracks in these study regions is managed approximately once a year by mowing and road sweeping using street-sweeper trucks. Nevertheless, ideal management practices of roadside vegetation have not yet been established partly due to insufficient knowledge of the ecological strategies of plants invading roadsides, especially curbside cracks. Although establishment of plants in the cracks might be restricted due to severe anthropogenic road disturbances, the cracks could be habitats for species with specific ecological traits. The objective of this study was to clarify the floristic and functional characteristics of roadside weeds, particularly species invading curbside cracks, to provide information for effective road management. The species composition of plants invading the cracks was surveyed along Route 3 (southern Japan) and Route 4 (eastern Japan) in different climatic zones, based on 108 floristic inventories. We compared species occurrence and composition to characterize the dominant ecomorphological traits of the species. In total, 163 species occurred in curbside cracks along both routes. Species composition of vegetation in curbside cracks was more variable between the routes than between land-use types. Of the 54 species, more than 5% occurred in all plots, and only three had differences in occurrence among land-use types. Ecomorphological trait composition patterns of the species were similar across land-use types. From these results, we found that regardless of differences in species composition among regions, climatic conditions, and surrounding land-use type, there were some dominant ecomorphological traits of roadside vegetation with plants in curbside cracks, such as ephemeral monophytes that are barochorous or anemochorous. By contrast, rhizomatous perennials, which cause greater deterioration of asphalt than ephemeral monophytes, were rare along the cracks. Although vegetation composition and structure generally depend on land-use types and disturbance regimes, linear landscape elements such as curbsides might be habitats for plants adapted to road disturbances. Roadside vegetation management, such as mowing and road sweeping once a year, seems sufficient to restrict establishment of rhizomatous perennials around Japan.

Cattle grazing in a hummock grassland regenerating after fire: the short-term effects of cattle exclusion on vegetation in south-western Queensland

In the Simpson Desert of western Queensland fire is being used increasingly by pastoralists to manipulate hard spinifex (Triodia basedowii) pastures. In this study I investigated the short-term (20 month) effects of cattle grazing on hummock grasslands regenerating after fire in the Simpson Desert. Dung counts were used to determine if cattle grazed preferentially in areas regenerating after fire. Cattle exclosures and vegetation surveys were used to determine if grazing by cattle affected the structure and species composition of vegetation regenerating after fire. Cattle grazed preferentially in areas regenerating after fire. Cattle grazing reduced the cover, height, vertical density and species richness of regrowth vegetation. Grazing reduced the cover of Ptilotus polystachyus and reduced the proportion of Eragrostis eriopodia individuals bearing flowers and seed. Grazing visibly disrupted microbiotic soil crusts. It is recommended, as a precaution until additional data is available, that areas regenerating after fire be rested from grazing during the first post-fire wet season. Resting during this period will assist the establishment of vegetation cover and provide opportunities for grasses to set seed.