Influence of preparations of biochemical and microbiological origin on the yield of corn for grain on drip irrigation

The results of research on the study of the impact of agents of biochemical and microbiological origin of production LLP R&D Enterprise "5 Element" on the production process, the structure of yield and yield of corn under drip irrigation are highlighted. It is determined, that the highest yield of corn can be obtained by holding the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with nanobiostimulator of plant growth "V-Agro. Seeds" and the double treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of concentrate of products of vital activity of nitrogen-fixing soil algae. The combined use of the agent "V-Agro. Seeds" and the solution of concentrate of products of vital activity nitrogen-fixing soil algae provides a corn yield of 16,1 t/ha, which is by 5,5 t/ha, or 51,9 % more than in the absolute control (without seed treatment and foliar treatment of plants). It is also established that the separate use of agents both for seed treatment and plant treatment during the growing season is also an effective measure. The single seed treatment with nanobiostimulator of plant growth "V-Agro. "Seeds" helps to increase the yield of corn by 1,6 t/ha, or by 15,1 %. A similar effect was obtained using for processing seeds of the biological product Soil Algae (live culture in powder form), where the increase in yield was 14,1 % (1,5 t/ha). It is determined that the use of agents for foliar application is more effective than pre-sowing seed treatment. The double spraying of corn plants, with respectively, 2 % and 4 % solution of concentrate of products of vital activity of nitrogen-fixing soil algae provides crop yields by 3,2 t/ha, or 30,2 % compared to the control. The use of nanobiostimulator of growth plants "V-Agro. Leaf processing" for foliar application provides the yield increase up to 2,8 t/ha, or 26,4 %. The biggest average weight of one cob corn was obtained due to the agricultural measure, which involves pre-sowing seed treatment nanobiostimulator of plant growth "V-Agro. Seeds" and the double treatment of vegetative plants with a solution of concentrate of products of vital activity of nitrogen-fixing soil algae made it possible to get a cob with an average weight of 248,4 g, whereas in absolute control (without seed treatment and foliar treatment of plants) – 174,5 g.

New Species of Chloroidium (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) from East Asia

Chlorella-like green algae that reproduce only asexually by immotile autospores or motile zoospores are the most typical inhabitants of non-aquatic environments. They have a simple morphology that hampers their differentiation, but algae of such habit represent a diverse array of lineages, which are mostly in the classes Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae. One of these lineages is the order Watanabeales (Watanabea clade; Trebouxiophyceae), which comprises 10 genera that share a distinct mode of reproduction through unequally sized autospores. Most of these genera account for a few species that are rarely recorded in nature. In contrast, the genus Chloroidium is one of the most species-rich and widely distributed members of the order. Three strains of coccoid green alga were isolated during a study of soil algae in the temperate monsoon climate zone of Asia. These strains are described here as a new species, Chloroidium orientalis. SSU and ITS rDNA sequence data, morphological characteristics, and life cycle features differentiate these strains from known members of the genus.

Afforestation suppresses Oncomelania hupensis snail density through influencing algae in beaches of the Dongting Lake

Background Oncomelania snails serve as the sole intermediate host for Schistosoma japonicum, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases in the world. Afforestation suppression of the Oncomelania hupensis snail has been a long-term effective national strategy to decrease snail density in China. Many previous studies have made clear that vegetation (biotic factors) and soil (abiotic factors) were the basic requirements for snail survival on beaches. Moreover, a lot of research on snail control has been focused on the specific influencing environmental factors for snail survival, such as the vegetation community structure, species composition, diversity index, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Most of the existing research has studied the influence of a single factor on snail population density. Conversely, there have been only a few studies focused on the food sources and food composition of the snails. The current research situation on snail control has indicated that the mechanisms underlying ecological snail control have not been systematically characterized. The question of whether biotic or abiotic factors were more important in influencing snail survival remains unclear. Afforestation on beaches has significantly suppressed snail density in China so far. In this study, we proposed that the reduction of snail density was not affected by a single factor but by the interactions of multiple related factors introduced by afforestation. Moreover, different biotic and abiotic factors have significantly different effects on snail control. Therefore the goal of this study was to evaluate the relative importance and interactions of related biotic and abiotic factors on snail density. Methods: Four major vegetation communities: Sedge, Reed, Artificial poplar (3 years of age) and Artificial poplar (5 years of age), on the beaches of the Yangtze River in China were selected for vegetation and snail surveys, as well as for soil sampling. Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis was used to assess the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors in the context of snail ecology. The soil properties were considered as abiotic factors, while algae of Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta phyla were considered to be biotic factors. In the path analysis, the total effect between the variables was the sum of the direct and indirect effects. Results The snail density had significant correlations with soil properties, such as water content, bulk density, capillary porosity and pH value, as well as with all three types of soil algae, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, and Bacillariophyta. Snail density had a direct negative relationship with capillary porosity and soil bulk density, an indirect negative relationship with soil pH value and an indirect positive relationship with soil water content via soil algae. Meanwhile, as an important food source for the snail, the Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta algae had a significant positive correlation with snail density. High soil pH had a negative impact on Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, while soil water content had a positive impact on Chlorophyta, and soil bulk density had a negative impact on Cyanophyta. In addition, the soil pH value and soil bulk density both had negative correlations with soil water content. Conclusion Afforestation of the beach environment can significantly reduce the snail population density by altering ecological factors. Soil algae (biological factors) might be the key element that drives ecological snail control. As important habitat determinants, the impact of the properties of the soil (non-biological factors) on the snail population was largely mediated through soil algae.

Preliminary results of the application of two methods for studying soil diatoms

Preliminary results of applying two methods for isolating diatoms from the soil that were used during the study of soil algae of the Zvenigorod Biological Station of Moscow State University are presented in this paper. The authors compare the classical method of moist chambers with fouling glasses and the method of isolating diatoms from the soil using moist plates with gauze placed on the surface of the soil. The methods were used to isolate diatoms from soil samples taken in two biotopes – in a birch forest and in a river floodplain. It has been shown that the main advantage of the method of fouling glasses is the reception of additional data on the active life of algae in the soil, since many algae form clones on the surface of the glass as a result of cell division. At the same time, with the help of gauze cultures, it is possible to obtain preparations that contain more material of better quality, since the shells of diatoms can be better cleaned from organics using this method. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and to obtain more complete results, the authors recommend using them together.

Assessment of the relationship between some physico-chemical properties of soil and soil algae in micro basin scale in Kocaeli

In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between soil algae and physico-chemical structure of soil. Algae composition and some soil quality parameters from 12 sampling stations were investigated between March 2019 and May 2019 in Kocaeli. Physico-chemical properties that reflect soil nutrient content and fertility status (pH, conductivity, salinity, CaCO3, organic matter, saturation, P2O5 and K2O) were determined using standard physicochemical techniques. Average in soil parameters were determined as pH: 8.06, conductivity: 5.79 µmhos / cm, salinity: 0.22 ‰, CaCO3: 9.98%, organic matter: 1.70%, saturation: 59.55%, P2O5: 3.16 kg / da, K2O: 93.92 kg / da. Algal flora of Kocaeli province was a total of 30 taxa, 14 taxa of Bacillariophyta, 3 taxa of Chlorophyta, 1 taxa of Charophyta and 12 taxa of Cyanobacteria were identified. The determined as the Chroococcus cohaerens, Limnococcus limneticus, Phormidium nigroviride, Oscillatoria limosa, Gomphonema olivaceum, Hantzschia amphioxys and Nitzschia brevissima most dominant taxa. These taxa have been identified in stations with high industrial activity. Bacillariophyta taxa were found in all months due to their ecological tolerance, while other species belong to spring. In this study, the species diversity were found similar in research stations.

To the flora of soil algae of the northern territories of Baikal region: central Siberian plateau (Russia)

A list of soil algae registered in different plant communities in the North Baikal region, in the vicinitiesof the Kazachinskoye village and near Ust-Ilimsk reservoir in surroundings of settlements Vorobʼyovo, Banshchikovo,Badarma, Dalʼnii (Irkutsk oblast) is published for the first time. The territory is located within the Central Siberian plateauin the taiga zone. The list of soil algae includes 171 species and intraspecific taxa from six divisions: Cyanoprokaryota –63 taxa, Bacillariophyta – 15, Ochrophyta – 22, Chlorophyta – 64 and Streptophyta – 7.