IMPORTANCE OF MOTIVATION IN TOLERABILITY OF INCREASED BREATHING RESISTANCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. Byalovskiy ◽  
I.S. Rakitina
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Technological Environment ◽  
Breathing Control ◽  
Aerodynamic Loads ◽  
Breathing Resistance ◽  
Resistive Breathing ◽  
Resistive Loads ◽  
Intraoral Pressure

Cortical mechanisms play an important role in breathing control under increased breathing resistance (resistive loads). Cortical mechanisms determine the level of voluntary motivation, which significantly affects the tolerance of resistive breathing loads. The purpose of the paper is to determine the effect of voluntary motivation on the tolerance of additional breathing resistance. Materials and Methods. The authors formed procedural motivation by means of moral encouragement or financial rewards of the subjects. Simulation of increased breathing resistance was performed using in-creasing values of thresholdless inspiratory aerodynamic loads: 40, 60, 70, and 80 % from the maximum intraoral pressure. Results. The maximum level of tolerance of additional breathing resistance was observed in volunteers with a material and subsidiary procedural motivation of activity. Under respiratory loads, these subjects demonstrated the greatest deviations of the functional state indicators. Undefined motivation based on the mobilization of goal-oriented resources with moral stimulation showed less efficiency. Lack of specially formed procedural motivation led to minimal tolerance of resistive loads. Conclusion. Procedural motivation, aimed at overcoming additional breathing resistance, significantly increases the tolerance of individual protective means of respiratory organs, which maintains health of workers in a polluted technological environment. Keywords: motivation, tolerance, increased breathing resistance. Большую роль в регуляции дыхания при увеличенном сопротивлении дыханию (резистивных нагрузках) играют кортикальные механизмы. Корковые механизмы определяют уровень произвольной мотивации, которая существенно влияет на переносимость резистивных дыхательных нагрузок. Цель исследования – определение влияния произвольной мотивации на переносимость дополнительного респираторного сопротивления. Материалы и методы. Процессуальную мотивацию формировали методом морального или материального поощрения испытуемых. Моделирование увеличенного сопротивления дыханию проводили с помощью предъявления возрастающих значений беспороговых инспираторных аэродинамических нагрузок: 40, 60, 70 и 80 % от максимального внутриротового давления. Результаты. Максимальный уровень переносимости дополнительного респираторного сопротивления наблюдался у добровольцев, у которых была сформирована материально-субсидивная процессуальная мотивация деятельности; у этой категории испытуемых во время действия дыхательных нагрузок отмечались наибольшие отклонения показателей функционального состояния. Произвольная мотивация на основе мобилизации волевых ресурсов при моральном стимулировании характеризовалась меньшей эффективностью, а отсутствие специально сформированной процессуальной мотивации сопровождалось минимальной переносимостью резистивных нагрузок. Выводы. Процессуальная мотивация, сформированная для преодоления дополнительного респираторного сопротивления, существенно повышает переносимость средств индивидуальной защиты органов дыхания, что имеет большое значение для сохранения здоровья работающих в условиях загрязненной производственной среды. Ключевые слова: мотивация, переносимость, увеличенное сопротивление дыханию.

CONDITIONED REFLEX MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION TO ADDITIONAL BREATHING RESISTANCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-105
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. Byalovskiy ◽  
I.S. Rakitina
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
External Respiration ◽  
Respiratory Resistance ◽  
Conditioned Signal ◽  
Unconditioned Reflex ◽  
Breathing Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Resistive Loads ◽  
Aversive Behavior ◽  
Respiratory Reflex

The problem of adaptation to additional breathing resistance has recently become more urgent due to the growth of bronchopulmonary diseases. Therefore, there is a natural interest in non-drug strategies compensating resistive breathing in humans. The aim of the study was to assess conditioned reflex changes in the functional state of the subjects under additional breathing resistance. Materials and Methods. The work was carried out on 55 practically healthy subjects of both sexes, aged 18–36. Additional breathing resistance was modeled by inspiratory resistive loads of 40, 60, 70, and 80 % of the maximum intraoral pressure. The conditioned respiratory reflex to resistive respiratory load was developed as a short-delayed conditioned signal with a 30-second period of isolated action. The authors examined behavioral, vegetative, gas and energy indicators of the organism before and after the formation of a conditioned reflex. Results. It was observed that conditioned reflex shifts of physiological parameters in the process of adaptation to additional breathing resistance differ significantly from the corresponding unconditioned reflex changes both in nature and in intensity. Conditioned reflex mechanisms reduce the intensity of shifts in the motor component of the external respiration system, which, apparently, is the main reason to decrease the aversive behavior. Conclusion. Behavioral changes after the formation of a conditioned respiratory reflex to additional respiratory resistance are characterized by a decrease in aversive behavior patterns. The conditioned reflex realization of increasing resistive loads is expressed in a lower physiological cost of adaptation to additional respiratory resistance relative to the unconditioned reflex type of realization. Keywords: adaptation, conditioned respiratory reflex, additional breathing resistance. Проблема приспособления к дополнительному респираторному сопротивлению в последнее время становится все более актуальной в связи с ростом бронхолегочных заболеваний. Поэтому естественен интерес к нелекарственным механизмам компенсации резистивного дыхания человека. Целью исследования являлась оценка условно-рефлекторных изменений функционального состояния испытуемых в условиях дополнительного респираторного сопротивления. Материалы и методы. Работа проведена на 55 практически здоровых испытуемых обоего пола в возрасте от 18 до 36 лет. Дополнительное респираторное сопротивление моделировалось инспираторными резистивными нагрузками величиной 40, 60, 70 и 80 % от максимального внутриротового давления. Условный дыхательный рефлекс на резистивные дыхательные нагрузки вырабатывался по типу короткоотставленного с периодом изолированного действия условного сигнала 30 с. Исследовались поведенческие, вегетативные, газовые и энергетические показатели организма до и после формирования условного рефлекса. Результаты. Показано, что условно-рефлекторные сдвиги физиологических показателей в процессе приспособления к дополнительному респираторному сопротивлению существенно отличаются от соответствующих безусловно-рефлекторных изменений как по характеру, так и по интенсивности. Условно-рефлекторные механизмы уменьшают интенсивность сдвигов моторного компонента системы внешнего дыхания, что, по-видимому, является основной причиной снижения вероятности появления аверсивного поведения. Выводы. Поведенческие изменения после формирования условного дыхательного рефлекса на дополнительное респираторное сопротивление характеризуются снижением вероятности появления аверсивных форм поведения. Условно-рефлекторная реализация возрастающих по интенсивности резистивных нагрузок выражается в меньшей физиологической стоимости приспособления к дополнительному респираторному сопротивлению относительно безусловно-рефлекторного типа реализации. Ключевые слова: приспособление, условный дыхательный рефлекс, дополнительное респираторное сопротивление.

Within-breath electromyographic changes during loaded breathing in adult sheep

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 1316-1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Haddad ◽  
H. J. Jeng ◽  
A. R. Bazzy ◽  
T. L. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Recruitment Pattern ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Diaphragmatic Muscle ◽  
Breathing Resistance ◽  
Resistive Breathing ◽  
Loaded Breathing ◽  
High Level

To investigate the changes in diaphragm electromyogram (EMG) during the course of severe loaded breathing, we subjected five conscious adult sheep to inspiratory flow resistive breathing (resistance greater than 150 cmH2O X l–1 X s) for up to 2–3 h and studied the total EMG power per breath (iEMG) and the EMG power per unit time after dividing the duration of EMG activity within each breath into three equal parts (iEMG1, iEMG2, and iEMG3). Both total breath iEMG and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) increased, remained at a high level for a certain period of time, and then started to fall. A change in the pattern of iEMG within a breath was observed during loaded breathing. The increase in total-breath iEMG was associated mostly with an increase in iEMG3, or the last part of the EMG power within each inspiration. Similarly, the decrease in total breath iEMG was primarily due to a decrease in iEMG3. We conclude that, in sheep subjected to severe IFR loads for prolonged periods the marked increase in total-breath iEMG at the beginning of loaded breathing and the marked decrease in this iEMG at the time of decrease in Pdi are largely due to changes in iEMG that occur during the latter third of each breath. We speculate that during loaded breathing the recruitment pattern of diaphragmatic muscle fibers changes during the course of an inspiratory effort.

Pathophysiological mechanisms of resistive breathing

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226
Author(s):  
Yury Yu. Byalovsky ◽  
Irina S. Rakitina
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
External Respiration ◽  
Resistive Load ◽  
External Resistance ◽  
Conditioned Signal ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Resistive Breathing ◽  
Resistive Loads ◽  
Reinforcement Value ◽  
Respiratory Reflex

AIM: This study aimed to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms of resistive breathing by using a model of a conditioned respiratory reflex to external resistance to breathing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inspiratory resistive loads were used 11, 28, 54, and 78 cmAq/l/s to model a conditioned respiratory reflex. External respiration was parametrized on the basis of the analysis of motor and ventilatory outputs. Conditioned signals were pure sounds exceeding the threshold of perception by 10 db at 2000 Hz frequency. All the test persons were divided into two groups (large and small groups) according to the initial reinforcement value. (1) In the large group (37 individuals), the conditioned reflex was formed from 11 cmAq/l/s that was subsequently increased stepwise in the load to 76 cmAq/l/s. (2) In the small group (18 individuals), the initial reinforcements were different gradations of resistive loads, with a stepwise transition to the other parameters of an unconditioned stimulus. The period of the isolated application of a conditioned signal (CS) was 20 s, the interval between signals was not fixed, varying from 2 min to 4 min. Six to eight combinations of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli were used for 1 day of the experiment. RESULTS: The increase in the added respiratory resistance was associated with the pronounced reduction of pulmonary and alveolar ventilation, that is, with the hypoventilation type of resistive load realization. Changes in ventilation during the isolated application of a conditioned signal had an alternative character. In particular, as the reinforcement factor increased, a pronounced shift to hyperventilation was noted. CONCLUSION: The reinforcement value of the conditioned reflex changed stepwise, thereby significantly restructuring the proportion between the effectiveness of the adaptive activity in the realization of external resistance to inspiration (the time of stay under a certain load) and its physiological cost (totalities of the deviations of physiological and energy parameters).

Dynamical Peculiarities of Concatenational Changes in Functional Cardiovascular Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (82) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eurelija Venskaitytė ◽  
Jonas Poderys ◽  
Tadas Česnaitis
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Standard Lead

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  Traditional  time  series  analysis  techniques,  which  are  also  used  for the analysis of cardiovascular signals, do not reveal the relationship between the  changes in the indices recorded associated with the multiscale and chaotic structure of the tested object, which allows establishing short-and long-term structural and functional changes.Research aim was to reveal the dynamical peculiarities of interactions of cardiovascular system indices while evaluating the functional state of track-and-field athletes and Greco-Roman wrestlers.Research methods. Twenty two subjects participated in the study, their average age of 23.5 ± 1.7 years. During the study standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded. The following ECG parameters were used in the study: duration of RR interval taken from the II standard lead, duration of QRS complex, duration of JT interval and amplitude of ST segment taken from the V standard lead.Research  results.  Significant  differences  were  found  between  inter-parametric  connections  of  ST  segment amplitude and JT interval duration at the pre and post-training testing. Observed changes at different hierarchical levels of the body systems revealed inadequate cardiac metabolic processes, leading to changes in the metabolic rate of the myocardium and reflected in the dynamics of all investigated interactions.Discussion and conclusions. It has been found that peculiarities of the interactions of ECG indices interactions show the exposure of the  functional changes in the body at the onset of the workload. The alterations of the functional state of the body and the signs of fatigue, after athletes performed two high intensity training sessions per day, can be assessed using the approach of the evaluation of interactions between functional variables. Therefore the evaluation of the interactions of physiological signals by using time series analysis methods is suitable for the observation of these processes and the functional state of the body.Keywords: electrocardiogram, time series, functional state.

Influence of DAFS-25+polizon composition on blood and functional state of liver of steers at fattening

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
Inna R. Kilmetova ◽  
◽  
Igor A. Rodin ◽  
Nazira I. Khayrullina ◽  
Nikolay G. Fenchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional State ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Stimulation Of

Summary. The disbalanced feeding and the uneven distribution of micro- and macroelements in the environment leads to a trace element, in particular hypomelanosis. To accelerate the growth and preservation of young farm animals include in the diet of various biological additives and drugs, which include selenium. For stimulation of weight gain in the livestock industry, as well as for the prevention and treatment of pathological processes in addition to micro - and macrouse amino acids, primarily methionine. The aim of this work was to study the influence of composition of DAFS-25+Polizon on morpho-biochemical parameters of blood and functional state of the liver in fattening bulls of black-motley breed in the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Experiments using were conducted on bull-calves of black-motley breed of the properties in the properties age from 6 to 15 months. The first experimental group during the experiment was additionally given the composition of DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg, the animals of the control group received a standard diet. To assess the impact of the composition DAFS-25+Polizon on metabolism cattle studied morphological and biochemical indicators of blood and conducted histological examination of the liver. It is established that the use of the composition of DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg increases the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the experimental group and reduces the amount of white blood cells. The serum content of total protein, phosphorus and calcium increases in the group of experimental animals. Microscopic examination of the liver revealed no changes in the structure of the organ and hepatocytes in the experimental group, whereas in the control group hemodynamic disorders and dystrophic changes in liver cells were observed. Thus, the use of the composition DAFS-25+Polizon at a dose of 2 mg/kg of live weight in fattening bulls black-and-white breed contributes to the increase of redox processes in the body, stimulation of metabolism, prevent the development of liver disorders of cellular mechanisms of metabolism, optimizes the structure of the liver, which generally provides higher productivity.

LH-RH TEST IN 100 PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-J. Czygan ◽  
M. Breckwoldt ◽  
F. Lehmann ◽  
R. Langefeld ◽  
G. Bettendorf
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Functional State ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The effect of synthetic LH-RH was studied in 100 patients with various types of ovarian insufficiency by following up the FSH- and LH-levels in plasma. LH-RH was administered in doses of 12.5, 25 and 100 μg as a rapid intravenous injection. The patients were classified according to the endocrine state of the pituitary as evidenced by the urinary gonadotrophin levels. A clear correlation between the functional state of the pituitary and its responsiveness to exogenous LH-RH was demonstrated. Most of the patients with undetectable low urinary gonadotrophin levels failed to respond. The majority of patients with gonadotrophin excretion in the normal range and those with elevated levels reacted with a dose dependent increase in circulating LH. The amount of liberated FSH however was related to the injected dose only in patients with high gonadotrophic excretion. The present study indicates that synthetic LH-RH provides a useful tool in the evaluation of the pitutiary function particularly in patients with low and with undetectable gonadotrophin excretion. The data presented in this paper also demonstrate that the functional state of the pituitary is clearly reflected by the urinary gonadotrophin levels.

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