Analysis of energy expenditure of skiers across the preparatory phase

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.А. Bushmanova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Rest Energy Expenditure ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Elite Skiers

Energy expenditure was calculated at rest and during physical activity by indirect calorimetry using the Oxyson Pro system in 55 highly elite skiers. The results showed that in 75% of athletes, the measured rest energy expenditure were higher than the calculated rest energy expenditure by 20% and was 2139±363 kcal/day. Daily energy expenditure was 5347±907 kcal. In the structure of rest energy expenditure the part of carbohydrates was 67 % and fats was 33%. Generally, energy expenditure was more 5000 kcal. In addition, in our study, it was observed a progressive increase of contribution of carbohydrate oxidation in energy expenditure during high-intensity exercise. Key words: energy expenditure, high-intensity exercise, carbohydrates, fats, skiers, indirect calorimetry.

scholarly journals Impacts of vigorous and non-vigorous activity on daily energy expenditure

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Physical Activity Level ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Activity Intensity ◽  
Daily Energy

Activity intensity is a potential determinant of activity-induced energy expenditure. Tri-axial accelerometery is the most objective measurement technique for the assessment of activity intensity, in combination with doubly-labelled water for the measurement of energy expenditure under free-living conditions. Data on the effects of subject characteristics, including body size and age, and exercise training on the relationship between activity intensity and daily energy expenditure are reviewed. Average daily metabolic rate and non-basal energy expenditure are positively related to body size. The duration and intensity of physical activities do not need to be equivalent to the energy spent on activity. Obese subjects spend more energy on physical activity but can perform fewer activities, especially high-intensity (weight-bearing) activities, because of their higher body weight. Physical activity generally declines gradually from about 60 years of age onwards. Most subjects >80 years have an activity level well below the level defined for sedentary middle-aged adults. Spending relatively more time on low-intensity activities has a negative effect on the mean physical activity level. To obtain a higher physical activity level does not necessarily imply high-intensity activities. In an average subject 25% of the activity-induced energy expenditure may be attributed to high-intensity activities. Exercise training, as a form of high-intensity activity, affects the physical activity level more in younger subjects than in elderly subjects.

Energy Expenditure in Brass and Woodwind Instrumentalists: The Effect of Body Posture

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera AE Baadjou ◽  
Marjon DF van Eijsden-Besseling ◽  
Ans LW Samama-Polak ◽  
Rob JEM Smeets ◽  
Valéria Lima Passos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Exercise Therapy ◽  
Rest Energy Expenditure ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Rest Energy ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Wind Instrument ◽  
Postural Exercise

Body posture appears to influence fatigue and musculoskeletal complaints in musicians. Our aim was to determine energy expenditure and to investigate whether energy expenditure is affected by body posture in brass and woodwind instrumentalists. METHODS: Eighteen musicians (10 women, 8 men; 6 brass, 12 woodwinds), with a mean age of 39 ± 14 years and mean body mass index of 23.8 ± 4.9 kg/m2, played their instruments for 30 minutes twice: once in nonoptimized body posture (posture A), and once in a posture according to the postural exercise therapy method Mensendieck (posture B). Patients were randomized to the order of postures in a crossover design AB/BA. Playing sessions were preceded and followed by 60 minutes of rest. Energy expenditure was measured in a respiration chamber with indirect calorimetry. Basal metabolic rate was measured with a ventilated hood. RESULTS: Mean metabolic equivalents (MET) for playing a wind instrument in the sitting position in a nonoptimized posture and posture according postural exercise therapy were 1.69 (SD 0.18) and 1.80 (SD 0.22), respectively. Percent change between resting metabolic rate and total energy expenditure while playing was 32% (95% CI 25–39%) in posture B and 23% (95% CI 17–30%) in posture A (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION: Average physical activity while playing a wind instrument approximates 1.8 MET. Our data show an association between energy expenditure and body posture while playing a brass or woodwind instrument: playing a musical instrument in a posture according to postural exercise therapy leads to higher energy expenditure as compared to a nonoptimized body posture. These results suggest that fatigue and the general feeling of lack of energy after playing a musical instrument are not related to actual higher energy expenditure.

scholarly journals Defining the contribution of skeletal muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase α1 to exercise performance and insulin action

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (5) ◽  
pp. E1034-E1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer Svensson ◽  
Jessica R. Dent ◽  
Shahriar Tahvilian ◽  
Vitor F. Martins ◽  
Abha Sathe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Muscle Contractile

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and is an important control point for carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation. However, the importance of the PDC and CHO oxidation to muscle metabolism and exercise performance, particularly during prolonged or high-intensity exercise, has not been fully defined especially in mature skeletal muscle. To this end, we determined whether skeletal muscle-specific loss of pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 ( Pdha1), which is a critical subunit of the PDC, impacts resting energy metabolism, exercise performance, or metabolic adaptation to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. For this, we generated a tamoxifen (TMX)-inducible Pdha1 knockout (PDHmKO) mouse, in which PDC activity is temporally and specifically ablated in adult skeletal muscle. We assessed energy expenditure, ex vivo muscle contractile performance, and endurance exercise capacity in PDHmKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Additionally, we studied glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in muscle after 12 wk of HFD feeding. TMX administration largely ablated PDHα in skeletal muscle of adult PDHmKO mice but did not impact energy expenditure, muscle contractile function, or low-intensity exercise performance. Additionally, there were no differences in muscle insulin sensitivity or body composition in PDHmKO mice fed a control or HFD, as compared with WT mice. However, exercise capacity during high-intensity exercise was severely impaired in PDHmKO mice, in parallel with a large increase in plasma lactate concentration. In conclusion, although skeletal muscle PDC is not a major contributor to resting energy expenditure or long-duration, low-intensity exercise performance, it is necessary for optimal performance during high-intensity exercise.

Pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics as a determinant of high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1598-1606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott R. Murgatroyd ◽  
Carrie Ferguson ◽  
Susan A. Ward ◽  
Brian J. Whipp ◽  
Harry B. Rossiter
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Exercise Tolerance ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Exercise Intolerance ◽  
Exercise Onset ◽  
O2 Uptake Kinetics ◽  
Two Parameters

Tolerance to high-intensity constant-power (P) exercise is well described by a hyperbola with two parameters: a curvature constant (W′) and power asymptote termed “critical power” (CP). Since the ability to sustain exercise is closely related to the ability to meet the ATP demand in a steady state, we reasoned that pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇o2) kinetics would relate to the P-tolerable duration (tlim) parameters. We hypothesized that 1) the fundamental time constant (τV̇o2) would relate inversely to CP; and 2) the slow-component magnitude (ΔV̇o2sc) would relate directly to W′. Fourteen healthy men performed cycle ergometry protocols to the limit of tolerance: 1) an incremental ramp test; 2) a series of constant-P tests to determine V̇o2max, CP, and W′; and 3) repeated constant-P tests (WR6) normalized to a 6 min tlim for τV̇o2 and ΔV̇o2sc estimation. The WR6 tlim averaged 365 ± 16 s, and V̇o2max (4.18 ± 0.49 l/min) was achieved in every case. CP (range: 171–294 W) was inversely correlated with τV̇o2 (18–38 s; R2 = 0.90), and W′ (12.8–29.9 kJ) was directly correlated with ΔV̇o2sc (0.42–0.96 l/min; R2 = 0.76). These findings support the notions that 1) rapid V̇o2 adaptation at exercise onset allows a steady state to be achieved at higher work rates compared with when V̇o2 kinetics are slower; and 2) exercise exceeding this limit initiates a “fatigue cascade” linking W′ to a progressive increase in the O2 cost of power production (V̇o2sc), which, if continued, results in attainment of V̇o2max and exercise intolerance. Collectively, these data implicate V̇o2 kinetics as a key determinant of high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans.

Impact of high-intensity exercise on energy expenditure, lipid oxidation and body fatness

2001 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 332-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yoshioka ◽  
E Doucet ◽  
S St-Pierre ◽  
N Alméras ◽  
D Richard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Body Fatness

scholarly journals The effect of exercise intensity and excess postexercise oxygen consumption on postprandial blood lipids in physically inactive men

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 986-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel A. Littlefield ◽  
Zacharias Papadakis ◽  
Katie M. Rogers ◽  
José Moncada-Jiménez ◽  
J. Kyle Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Postprandial Lipemia ◽  
High Intensity Exercise ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption

Reductions in postprandial lipemia have been observed following aerobic exercise of sufficient energy expenditure. Increased excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) has been documented when comparing high- versus low-intensity exercise. The contribution of EPOC energy expenditure to alterations in postprandial lipemia has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low- and high-intensity exercise on postprandial lipemia in healthy, sedentary, overweight and obese men (age, 43 ± 10 years; peak oxygen consumption, 31.1 ± 7.5 mL·kg−1·min−1; body mass index, 31.8 ± 4.5 kg/m2) and to determine the contribution of EPOC to reductions in postprandial lipemia. Participants completed 4 conditions: nonexercise control, low-intensity exercise at 40%–50% oxygen uptake reserve (LI), high-intensity exercise at 70%–80% oxygen uptake reserve (HI), and HI plus EPOC re-feeding (HI+EERM), where the difference in EPOC energy expenditure between LI and HI was re-fed in the form of a sports nutrition bar (Premier Nutrition Corp., Emeryville, Calif., USA). Two hours following exercise participants ingested a high-fat (1010 kcals, 99 g sat fat) test meal. Blood samples were obtained before exercise, before the test meal, and at 2, 4, and 6 h postprandially. Triglyceride incremental area under the curve was significantly reduced following LI, HI, and HI+EERM when compared with nonexercise control (p < 0.05) with no differences between the exercise conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusions, prior LI and HI exercise equally attenuated postprandial triglyceride responses to the test meal. The extra energy expended during EPOC does not contribute significantly to exercise energy expenditure or to reductions in postprandial lipemia in overweight men.

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