scholarly journals The Comparative Analysis of the Industrial Policy Impact on Export Performance in the Military and Democratic Regime of Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Amir Azam
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Export Subsidy ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
The Impact

Since independence, the economy has always suffered from the power struggle between democracy and autocracy, which significantly damaged the economy and gave birth to different economic issues, the export sector being one of the top most affected. Once titled among Asian Tigers, the country’s export overseas yields even to Bangladesh. The current study attempts to analyse the impact of industrial policy on export performance under democracy and autocracy. Many authors and past studies have argued that Pakistan lacks the long-term farsighted industrial policy. The paper considers the industrial policy instruments, import tariff, export subsidy, export rebate, R&D expenditures, industrial expenditures and export processing zone, while export sophistication, export diversification and export competitiveness are used as indicators of export performance from 1980 till 2018. The result of the study indicates that the democracy type of a regime promotes industrialization with expanding export base and competitiveness, while the autocratic type of a regime is helpful in producing sophisticated goods.  The analysis is focused on the descriptive basis by comparing the changes and growth in democracy and autocracy, while the Error Correction Model has been applied to see the adjustment of shocks and structural changes. Export sophistication and export diversification show a significant convergent effect, while export competitiveness demonstrates a divergent relation with our independent variables. The findings suggest that it is of sheer necessary to have a long-term farsighted industrial policy under conditions of stability to attract more and more investment in the economy to sophisticate, diversify and promote competitiveness.

scholarly journals The Impact of Industrial Policy on Export Diversification: Some Empirical Evidences from Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Amir Azam
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Export Structure ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
The Impact

Export sector is considered as the backbone of any economy. The economy which is efficient and competitive in global market enjoys better export performance otherwise become dependence on foreign goods market. Pakistan being a developing economy faces worse export performance as compare to its past competitors and currently economy faces huge current account deficit. The current study made an attempt to check the relationship between Industrial Policy and export diversification using ARDL approach because of different integration nature of variables under consideration from 1980-2018. The findings of the study suggests that there is strong relationship between industrial Policy instruments and export diversification both in short run and long run and by enhancing strong and visionary Industrial Policies and less relying on imports, the economy can enjoy sufficient growth and diversify its export structure.

scholarly journals INDUSTRIAL POLICY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE TUNISIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Nihel Frikha ◽  
◽  
Mohamed Ben Amar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cointegration Relationship

This paper aims to assess the impact of industrial policy instruments on international competitiveness and in particular on the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Tunisia. From a non-stationary panel model composed of 13 Tunisian manufacturing sectors during the period 1995-2016, we show the existence of a long-term cointegration relationship between manufacturing exports and its determinants. The results show that spending on research and development and tertiary education has a positive effect on exports. Hence, it is necessary for the public authorities to intervene within the framework of industrial policy to promote technological innovation and higher education.

scholarly journals The Impact of Exchange Rate on Bangladesh’s Export: A Cointegration Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Takrima Sayeda
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Foreign Exchange Market ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Floating Exchange Rate ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the paper is to see if there is any relationship exist between free floating exchange rate and export performance of Bangladesh. It inspects the monthly data of exchange rate and export value for the time period between year 2000 and 2017. It utilized the Johansen [1] cointegration approach to identify the extent of long run and short run relationship between them. The study could not establish neither any long term trend nor any short term dynamics between the variables. Respective variables are significantly related to their own immediate past values. Distant past values do not have any implications. This study suggests that short run macroeconomic policy would be beneficial to influence the foreign exchange market and eventually the performance of export of Bangladesh.

scholarly journals The impact of minimum wages for domestic workers in Bloemfontein, South Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip F. Blaauw ◽  
Louis J. Bothma
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Minimum Wage Legislation ◽  
The Impact

Orientation: The number of domestic workers in South Africa has decreased in the last decade, seemingly corresponding with efforts by government to increase regulation.Research purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate possible structural changes in this labour market over the last decade, as well as the possible employment effects of the latest minimum wage provisions.Motivation for the study: Previous studies on the topic were carried out either prior to, or just after, the implementation of the minimum wage legislation for domestic workers. Now, five years after implementation, the conclusions and predictions of these studies need to be evaluated.Research design, approach and method: The study utilised a repeat survey in the suburb of Langenhoven Park in Bloemfontein, where two previous microstudies had been conducted. Structural interviews were conducted with a sample of 132 respondents and the data analysed.Main findings: There are now fewer domestic workers working for more employers, than there were ten years ago. In contrast to predictions from the literature, these changes mostly occurred before the implementation of the legislation. Real wages and legislative compliance improved for those who remained employed.Practical implications: The task of balancing the improvement of the lives of domestic workers and the possible adverse consequences of the legislation, in the form of job losses, remains as daunting as it was ten years ago.Contribution: Literature predicts changes in the market for domestic workers to be long term. This study shows that most changes took place before the implementation of the legislation as employers decided on their course of action.

scholarly journals Structural and cyclical factors of Serbia’s current account

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (217) ◽  
pp. 75-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radovan Kovacevic
Keyword(s):  
Current Account ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Current Account Balance ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Crisis Period ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Current Account

This paper examines the impact of structural and cyclical factors on Serbia?s current account. We have applied several filters to turn off the long-term (structural) component and isolate the influence of cyclical factors. In this paper, we show that structural factors were more important determinants of the current account deficit in the full-time sample (1997-2016), while cyclical factors showed a stronger impact in the post-crisis period when the deficit was reduced. Although they lost their intensity during the crisis and in the post-crisis period, the structural factors determine the trend of the current account balance in the long-term. For further improvement of the current account, measures to increase exports should be taken. The structural changes of production, the wider range of support for export financing to small and medium-sized enterprises, and the application of advanced technologies in manufacturing could help to reduce the trade deficit, making the current account deficit sustainable.

scholarly journals Export Earnings, Capital Instability and Economic Growth in South Asia

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Chaudhary ◽  
Amjad Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

During the last two decades the role of international trade and flow of foreign capital have received considerable attention in the literature. Various studies have examined the impact of export instability and capital instability on economic growth in less developed countries.1 Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis of a deleterious impact of export instability on economic growth. However, some studies also indicated that the relationship was unstable but positive with economic growth.2 Yet there are no systematic empirical investigations into the implied links between export diversification and long-term economic growth, particularly in the case of South Asian countries. The major concern regarding export instability is that it retards economic growth.

scholarly journals Global Value Chain Resilience: Understanding the Impact of Managerial Governance Adaptations

2022 ◽  
pp. 000812562110666
Author(s):  
Liena Kano ◽  
Rajneesh Narula ◽  
Irina Surdu
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Initial Shock ◽  
Lead Firm ◽  
The Impact

While COVID-19 has caused significant short-term disruptions in global value chains (GVCs), in the longer run, the pandemic will not be the primary catalyst in GVC evolution. As GVCs recover from the initial shock, managers will make GVC restructuring decisions guided by long-term strategic considerations. This article describes barriers that lead firm managers may encounter when rethinking location/control decisions for value chain activities and suggests that, in addition to structural changes, managerial governance adaptations are instrumental in enhancing GVCs’ long-term resilience. Lessons learned from responding to the pandemic can help managers enhance GVC efficiency in the increasingly uncertain global environment.

scholarly journals Contribution of Prolonged Ischemia and Donor Age to Chronic Renal Allograft Dysfunction

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1317-1324
Author(s):  
STEFAN GÜNTHER TULLIUS ◽  
ANJA REUTZEL-SELKE ◽  
FRANK EGERMANN ◽  
MELINA NIEMINEN-KELHÄ ◽  
SVEN JONAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Renal Allograft ◽  
Donor Age ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Graft Outcome ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Functional Deterioration ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. As a consequence of an advancing discrepancy between supply of suitable grafts and demand from potential recipients, less than optimal organs are increasingly being used. Although clinical studies demonstrate the involvement of various risk factors, including donor age and duration of ischemia on long-term graft outcome, their individual contribution and correlation has not been followed experimentally. After cold ischemic times of 5, 60, and 120 min, kidney allografts of 3-, 12-, and 18-mo-old Fischer 344 donors were transplanted into 3-mo-old Lewis rats. Age-related changes were examined in matched native uninephrectomized controls. Proteinuria and creatinine clearance were determined, and histologic and immunohistologic studies were assessed and quantified at the end of the observation period (20 wk). All grafts functioned satisfactorily with the exception of one graft each from 12- and 18-mo-old donors with prolonged ischemia (120 min). Functional deterioration and structural changes progressed in parallel to increasing donor age and prolonged ischemia. The impact of expanded ischemia was particularly detrimental in grafts from older donor animals. Donor age and duration of ischemia act in a synergistic manner in our model. Brief ischemic times seem of particular relevance when grafts from older donors are being used.

Export market orientation and export performance in emerging markets: insights from the Peruvian agri-export sector

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Malca ◽  
Jean Pierre Bolaños ◽  
Jorge Luis Rubio Donet ◽  
Francisco Acedo
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
Relational Norms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeThe objective of this research is to analyse the joint impact of export proactivity and coordination capacity as mediators on the relationship between export market orientation (EMO) and export performance and the relational norms and export continuity as EMO's antecedents.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses structural equation modelling for the analysis of 127 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from the agri-export sector in Peru.FindingsThe research demonstrates the mediating role of export proactivity between EMO and export performance and the impact of relational norms as an antecedent of EMO as well as that of export continuity in export performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe cross-sectional study design has certain limitations; thus, longitudinal research is necessary to analyse the evolution of the impact of these variables. Future research should also consider new variables, such as absorptive capacity and institutional distance, in relation to EMO and export performance in emerging markets.Originality/valueThis research paper provides a perspective that is an alternative to the traditional literature related to EMO since coordination capacity and export proactivity have been used as EMO's antecedents. However, in emerging countries, such as Peru, exports are based on comparative advantages. Under this context, it is necessary to analyse export proactivity and coordination capacity as mediators of the relationship between EMO and export performance and the relational norms and export continuity as EMO's antecedents.

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