The model driven architecture (MDA) is an initiative proposed by the object management group (OMG), which is emerging as a technical framework to improve productivity, portability, interoperability, and maintenance (MDA, 2003). MDA promotes the use of models and model-to-model transformations for developing software systems. All artifacts, such as requirement specifications, architecture descriptions, design descriptions, and code are regarded as models. MDA distinguishes four main kinds of models: computation independent model (CIM), platform independent model (PIM), platform specific models (PSM), and implementation specific model (ISM). A CIM describes a system from the computation independent viewpoint that focuses on the environment of and the requirements for the system. In general, it is called domain model. A PIM is a model that contains no reference to the platforms that are used to realize it. A PSM describes a system with full knowledge of the final implementation platform. In this context, a platform is “a set of subsystems and technologies that provide a coherent set of functionality which any application supported by that platform can use without concern for the details of how the functionality is implemented” (MDA, 2003, p. 2-3). PIMs and PSMs are expressed using the unified modeling language (UML) combined with the object constraint language (OCL) (Favre, 2003; OCL, 2004; UML, 2004). The idea behind MDA is to manage the evolution from CIMs to PIMs and PSMs that can be used to generate executable components and applications. In MDA is crucial to define, manage, and maintain traces and relationships between different models and automatically transform them and produce code that is complete and executable. Metamodeling has become an essential technique in model-centric software development. The metamodeling framework for the UML itself is based on architecture with four layers: meta-metamodel, metamodel, model, and user objects. A metamodel is an explicit model of the constructs and rules needed to build specific models, its instances. A meta-metamodel defines a language to write metamodels. OCL can be used to attach consistency rules to models and metamodels. Related OMG standard metamodels and metametamodels such as meta object facility (MOF), software process engineering metamodel (SPEM) and common warehouse model (CWM) share a common design philosophy (CWM, 2001; MOF, 2005; SPEM, 2005). MOF defines a common way for capturing all the diversity of modeling standards and interchange constructs. MOF uses an object modeling framework that is essentially a subset of the UML core. The four main modeling concepts are “classes, which model MOF metaobjects; associations, which model binary relationships between metaobjects; data types, which model other data; and packages, which modularize the models” (MOF, 2005, p. 2-6). The query, view, transformation (QVT) standard depends on MOF and OCL for specifying queries, views, and transformations. A query selects specific elements of a model, a view is a model derived from other model, and a model transformation is a specification of a mechanism to convert the elements of a model, into elements of another model, which can be instances of the same or different metamodels (QVT, 2003).
Model Transformations Carried by the Traceability Framework for Enterprises in Software Industry
