Specification for unplasticized PVC pipe and fittings for gravity sewers

Abstract The widespread decline in amphibian populations highlights the need for establishing rigorous monitoring methods for long-term population studies. In an attempt to launch a long-term monitoring study for a Gray Treefrog complex (Hyla versicolor LeConte /chrysoscelis Cope, hereafter treefrog) population in northwest Missouri, I tested the use of PVC pipe traps in a system of ponds and inlets along a lakeside habitat for three years. For each pond (3) and inlet (2), I established an array of 16 pipes so as to compare differences in use between pipe location, ponds and inlets, and sex ratio between sites. Pipes were checked twice a week during the summer for the presence of treefrogs. Treefrog usage of pipes between ponds and inlets were compared using a contingency table analysis, while an ANOVA was used to assess differences in sex ratios between sites (α = 0.05). A single inlet was used by treefrogs more heavily than the other ponds or inlet (G = 13.61, df = 3, P = 0.0035), however, I found no differences in terms of pipe location within a pond or inlet. Mean sex ratio between water bodies varied but did not significantly differ. There appears to be little effect in terms of pipe placement within our 50 m buffer from the water's edge, but unique habitat effects at sampling locations may significantly affect detection rates or usage.

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Axial Behavior of Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Tubular Stub Columns Incorporating PVC Pipes

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11121434 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1434

Author(s):

Muhammmad Faisal Javed ◽

Haris Rafiq ◽

Mohsin Ali Khan ◽

Fahid Aslam ◽

Muhammad Ali Musarat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Steel Tube ◽

Tube Material ◽

Steel Tubes ◽

Tubular Columns ◽

Axial Capacity ◽

Double Skin ◽

Axial Behavior ◽

Pvc Pipe ◽

The Cost ◽

Stub Columns

This experimental study presents concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns and demonstrates their expected advantages. These columns consist of an outer steel tube, an inner steel tube, and concrete sandwiched between two tubes. The influence of the outer-to-inner tube dimension ratio, outer tube to thickness ratio, and type of inner tube material (steel, PVC pipe) on the ultimate axial capacity of concrete-filled double-skin tubular columns is studied. It is found that the yield strength of the inner tube does not significantly affect the ultimate axial capacity of concrete-filled double-skin tubular composites. With the replacement of the inner tube of steel with a PVC pipe, on average, less than 10% strength is reduced, irrespective of size and dimensions of the steel tube. Hence, the cost of a project can be reduced by replacing inner steel tubes with a PVC pipes. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the existing design methods presented in AISC 360-16 (2016), GB51367 (2019), and EC4 (2004). It is found from the comparison that GB51367 (2019) gives better results, followed by AISC (2016) and EC4 (2004).

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An Affordable Knee Arthroscopy Simulator

Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica ◽

10.1590/1981-5271v44.1-20190177.ing ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paul André Alain Milcent ◽

Alexandre Roberto Roman Coelho ◽

Sthéphano Pellizzaro Rosa ◽

Ygor Luiz Degraf da Fonseca ◽

Andressa Zabudovski Schroeder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Arthroscopy ◽

Articular Surface ◽

Low Cost ◽

Diagnostic Procedures ◽

The Body ◽

Knee Model ◽

Intercondylar Eminence ◽

Pvc Pipe ◽

Training Methodologies ◽

Modeling Clay

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study is to describe a model of knee arthroscopy simulator that is affordable, low-cost and easily reproducible, aiming to enable the diffusion of more effective active teaching and training methodologies. Methods: For the creation of the arthroscopic camera, an endoscopic camera for mobile phones and computers model SXT-5.0M manufactured by KKMOON were used. The camera was introduced in a metal tube, which was coupled to a set of three 20 mm PVC hydraulic connectors to simulate the handle and sleeve of the arthroscope. The camera has a resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels and is equipped with six built-in white LED lamps, simulating and eliminating the need to use an additional light source. The knee model was developed using a PVC pipe fixed on a wooden support, to which synthetic femur and tibia models were affixed. Four three-centimeter diameter holes, compatible with the standard arthroscopic portals, were made in the body of the PVC pipe. For the menisci, a model was made out of modeling clay (Corfix®), until the anatomical structures were close to the real ones. The model consists of both menisci and the intercondylar eminence, simulating the proximal tibial articular surface. The model made out of modeling clay was the basis for the production of a thin Crystal Polyester Resin mold. Using the resin mold, the meniscal models were made of Silicone Rubber Type II, widely used in industry and crafts. Results: A functional and reproducible simulator was obtained, consisting of a knee model and an arthroscopic camera. The simulator works adequately adapted to a TV, monitor or computer, and allows the simulation of diagnostic procedures, meniscectomy and meniscoplasty. Conclusion: It is possible to develop a knee arthroscopy simulator, with components available in local and electronic commerce, at a cost of approximately R$ 300.

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REWETTING DESIGN FOR TROPICAL PEATLAND RESTORATION

Sociae Polites ◽

10.33541/sp.v21i3.2245 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 111-125

Author(s):

Ainun Hasanah ◽

Muhammad Farouk Setiawan

Keyword(s):

Peat Soil ◽

Tropical Peatland ◽

The Earth ◽

Peatland Restoration ◽

The World ◽

Tropical Areas ◽

Pvc Pipe ◽

The Stability ◽

Tropical Climates ◽

Development Objectives

Peatlands located in tropical climates are estimated to have an area of 11% of the total peatland on earth. The scope of tropical peatland is proportional to the significant role this ecosystem plays in the stability of the earth and everything in it. Various efforts have been made to restore the condition of the peatland ecosystem, especially in tropical areas that have been affected by human activities. This study using the literature review method attempts to collect and summarize various peatland restoration efforts carried out in various countries in the world, then serve as a reference and basis for consideration in redesigning peat rewetting infrastructure. The result of this study is a canal blocking design using a PVC pipe filled with peat soil in its cavity. The layout of this PVC pipe canal blocking is designed by considering various factors. Challenges and prospects related to the idea of this canal blocking with PVC pipe were also taken into consideration in the design. It is hoped that the innovation of canal blocking materials can increase resource efficiency and fund for canal blocking construction while maintaining its function and development objectives. Keywords: peatland rewetting design, canal blocking, PVC pipe

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The effect of white or grey PVC pipe and its joint solvents (primer and cement) on odour problems in drinking water distribution systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2007.176 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

K.E. Wiesenthal ◽

I.H. Suffet

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Distribution Systems ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Water Distribution Systems ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Reaction Products ◽

Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽

Gc Analysis ◽

Drinking Water Distribution ◽

Pvc Pipe

A study of the production of odour-causing compounds was conducted from the leaching of polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipe and its joints, primer and cement, into drinking water distribution systems. Flavour Profile Analysis (FPA), closed-loop stripping analysis – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (CLSA-GC/MS) and sensory-GC analysis of white or grey PVC alone found no odour-causing compounds produced during the leaching experiments. FPA analysis of the PVC's primer and cement leached alone and/or when applied to grey or white PVC pipes produced a glue/varnish odour. A sweet/phenolic odour replaced the glue/varnish odour after the leached media were diluted with Milli-Q water to threshold odour intensity. Three compounds were responsible for the sweet/phenolic odour and were observed by sensory-GC analysis. The leaching study of the PVC pipe with its joint solvents (primer and cement) concluded that the original solvent compounds, and their reaction products that formed during the bonding process on the PVC pipe, were a primary source of the glue/varnish odour. The original compounds of the PVC primer and cement were not detected by CLSA-GC/MS, due to their high volatility during the CLSA extraction method and/or these compounds appeared in a solvent peak of the GC/MS analysis. However, the original primer and cement chemicals (acetone, tetrahydrofuran, methyl ethyl ketone, and cyclohexanone) had a glue/varnish odour. A total of nine odorous GC peaks were produced as reaction products from leaching of primer in water and white or grey PVC pipe with primer and cement, and white or grey PVC with primer only. None of these compounds were among the chemical ingredients in the original primer or cement. Four GC peaks with a sweet/phenolic odour were present due to the reaction products of the cement leached with white or grey PVC. None of these compounds were positively identified.

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