THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC-FUNDED CHARGING STATIONS TO INCREASE THE RATE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE (EV) OWNERSHIP IN INDONESIA

The current surplus of electricity across Indonesia has further underlined many opportunities to optimize the usage of electricity in many sectors; including on the issue of Electric Vehicle (EV) ownership within the country. According to the government’s projection, the state-owned enterprise (SOE) of PLN would construct 254.181 units of charging stations by 2030. However, there exists the problem of ‘chicken and egg’; in which more EV charging stations would be required to spur EV sales and vice versa. In addition to that, the lack of charging stations has also led to the disinterest from the public to purchase EVs due to fear of range anxiety. Hence, this paper is written to address the importance of publicly funded charging stations in Indonesia to help cultivate EV development within the country. Not only that, since Indonesia is the largest member country of ASEAN, it could be the ‘trendsetter’ of this issue in the region and would have the upper hand position as an early adopter. Our hypotheses suggest that not only publicly funded the development of charging stations would be beneficial to the future-buyer of EV, but also for the government itself. Keywords: Electric Vehicle, Charging Station, Public-Funded, Range Anxiety

Amazon's Step Towards Clean Energy And Its Impact On The USA

Amazon is an American company that is based in Seattle. This company deals in e-commerce, it's the largest internet-based store and is owned by Jeff Bezos. The company was founded on July 5, 1994. With Amazon committed to a climate pledge, this means amazon has the responsibility to make a change towards the environment and the world Amazon purchases renewable energy outside of the current grid mix to promote the production and creation of new renewable energy. These sources were diverse in order to collect enough information: books, journals, and websites were all included in the creation of this text. Since we used to be able to comprehend sentences and perceptions, we use qualitative research analyst approaches to collect data. Renewable energy comes from naturally restoring yet flow-limited sources. Renewable resources are basically limitless in terms of duration but have a finite quantity of energy per amount of time. Amazon has a huge impact on the economy in the US. With the many investments that Amazon has made for the development of its own employees and unfortunate children.According to the North Carolina sustainable energy association Clean energy includes both renewable energy and energy saved through energy efficiency measures. And with Amazon and Tesla being US-based companies this will make the U.S seen as a country with advanced technology and also become advanced and foremost in terms of politics of energy. Keywords: Amazon, clean energy, Jeff Bezos, renewable energy

MARITIME SECURITY PERSPECTIVE IN THE CASE STUDY OF DEEPWATER HORIZON

Maritime security still focuses on the territorial sovereignty of a country. Environmental disasters and transboundary humanitarian crimes that occur at sea are a challenge for International Relations academics to reformulate maritime security. British Petroleum (BP) is negligent in implementing safety standards in oil exploration and exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico, United States resulting in oil leakage on the Deepwater Horizon platform. This research uses the Deepwater Horizon case study in exploring the relevance of maritime security in the prevention and management of marine pollution disasters. Primary data sources were taken from observations of researchers in seminars related to the Deepwater Horizon and secondary data were obtained from journals, electronic news and official reports from the US Government. There are two findings obtained. First, contemporary maritime security is much more complex than traditional maritime security and second, contemporary maritime security involves an element of justice seeking as demonstrated by the United States Court's decision against BP regarding negligence in the Deepwater Horizon. Keywords: Maritime Security, United States of America, Deepwater Horizon, British Petroleum

EFFECTIVENESS OF INTEGRATED CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY IN WASTE TO ENERGY PLANTS AND IMPLEMENTATION PROSPECTS

The population in ASEAN is projected to increase to 722 million by 2030. This massive population increase had an impact not only on population quantity but also on the environment. This is reflected in the increasing number of pollution results such as waste products and carbon pollution. Waste to Energy Plants has been successful in converting waste to electrical energy by incineration, but there are still carbon emissions that has to be dealt with and on the other hand carbon pollution has been a major problem for ASEAN this past 10 years, with the data from Global Carbon Atlas showing 1671.7 MtCO2 are emitted from the combined 10 countries in 2019. The industry categories of petroleum refineries, chemicals and others are responsible for contributing the most greenhouse gases. Analysis from the International Energy Agency shows comparison between few of the most promising solutions for carbon emission, one of them being Carbon Capture Storage (CCS). This technology captures CO2 that has been emitted to the atmosphere. Indonesia, the biggest country in ASEAN is also the region’s most contributing country in terms of carbon emission where the CCS technology should be developed more. In this paper, the author uses a descriptive qualitative method and data reference from previous research. The results indicate that the usage of CCS is very effective to reduce the CO2 emissions emitted from Waste-to- Energy Plants with 95% accuracy. This, in effect, will ensure effective expert knowledge communication to the general public and foster social acceptance of this technology. Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Carbon Capture and Storage, WtE Plants, and Process Integration

ASEAN AND INDONESIA’S POLICY AGAINST WASTE IMPORT IN INDONESIA

Environmentalism has in common with other theories when it comes to making a movement. This theory talks about the environment, and its relationship with humans, how human behavior can impact the environment around it. This journal will discuss waste import as the main topic. Many people still do not know about the waste import activities carried out by the Indonesian. Therefore, we present data that describes how the process of these activities occurs, in relation to theory, other problems arising from the incident, Indonesian government policies and their implementation, as well as the right solutions that can be taken to prevent or even solve the problem. Keywords: Environmentalism, Waste import, Policy, Government, Implementation

DYNAMICS OF MARXISM BEFORE AND AFTER THE DIGITAL ERA

This paper explains the role of the mass media. In this digital era, almost all people know or use this media to receive or seek various information, which is undoubtedly unlimited. In this digital era, everything is advanced from technology increasingly being developed over time—speed ​​in its delivery from the source to the broader community. Without limitation, the information can be spread among countries—the large variety of media platforms available. Now, of course, the media are also a political tool. Not left behind in the discussion of this paper regarding the policies of Marxism.

BLACK LIVES MATTER IN THE UNITED STATES

This paper examines affiliation with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement using the constructivism theory. The main finding presented in the paper is that the discrimination experienced by African Americans in the United States in the past two decades. The BLM movement's history was a response to the death of two black teenagers, Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown, who were both unarmed and shot and killed. The most famous one happened this year, the death of George Floyd for the brutal police action by pressing the victim's neck with his leg until Floyd died. The second key finding is that BLM organizations generated more to frame the movement as a struggle for individual rights. Still, many youths assume that this movement is just a trend on social media. Finally, social media's influence where the spread of news, content, videos is the important point of the black lives matter movement in the US.

GAMBUT LESTARI : AWARENESS SOLUTIONS FOR THE CRISIS OF PEATLAND

Peatland reserves one-third of the world's carbon storage. In 1 year it is evaluated that the peatland absorbs and contains 22.5 - 43.5 gigatonnes of carbon, which is proportionate to the outflows of 17-33 billion cars. Looking back on 2015, more than 50% or 2 million hectares of peatlands were burned down causing 220 trillion rupiah loss, victims suffering from respiratory diseases, disconnection of transportation networks and threats to biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to know the strategies used to increase awareness of peatlands and these discoveries appearing the sort of data and information that required prioritization to educate and advance such awareness. The method used for this paper is divided into two for the project planning and data collection instrument. For the data collection instrument, we used the data from third parties. The project planning that we conclude are including gambutlestari.com, pilot, share information, training & education, signing the petition, and donation. Our project planning is encouraging the participation of people to increase the preventive action towards peatlands damage and indirectly fixed the peatlands damage that previously happened. In conclusion, it is a developed system to create the discussion for an educational training program. Hence, each party can embrace in communicating and advancing awareness on the peatland issue. Achieving our goal to be able to increase awareness of peatlands in Indonesia, we provide a one-stop service called “Push-Sustainable Peatlands” which can be accessed easily by everyone.

STRICT LIABILITY: A SOLUTION TO HOLD PEATLAND DESTROYERS ACCOUNTABLE

In 2019, burned forests and peatlands reached 328 thousand hectares. The World Bank estimates that total loss from this event reached 5.2 billion USD. At least, until September 2019, there were 900,000 residents who experienced respiratory health problems and hundreds of schools in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore had to stop teaching and learning activities due to the haze. One of the factors that ‘fertilizes’ problems for destruction of forests and peatlands that continue to grow is difficulty to account the perpetrator. This paper will attempt to answer and solve these problems with the concept of strict liability. This research will answer two problems, how can the concept of strict liability solve the issues for peatland law enforcement? And how does the application of strict liability rules compare with Netherlands and United States? The government has pursued a moratorium policy. Starting from Presidential Instruction (Inpres) No. 10 year 2011 and extended by Inpres No. 6 year 2013 also Inpres No. 8 year 2015. However, this policy is considered unsatisfactory because there are still forestry and plantation permits issued by the government and massive forest and land burning. Therefore, there needs a solution from a repressive approach to provide a deterrent effect on forest fire perpetrators. Strict liability concept means that the defendant will still be responsible even though his activities were lawful and carried out carefully. Furthermore, strict liability is an accountability that not only eliminates elements of subjective error, but also objectively. Some countries have practiced strict liability, namely the Netherlands and the United States. Keywords: Forest Fire, Law Enforcement, Moratorium, Peatland, Strict Liability

REWETTING DESIGN FOR TROPICAL PEATLAND RESTORATION

Peatlands located in tropical climates are estimated to have an area of ​​11% of the total peatland on earth. The scope of ​​tropical peatland is proportional to the significant role this ecosystem plays in the stability of the earth and everything in it. Various efforts have been made to restore the condition of the peatland ecosystem, especially in tropical areas that have been affected by human activities. This study using the literature review method attempts to collect and summarize various peatland restoration efforts carried out in various countries in the world, then serve as a reference and basis for consideration in redesigning peat rewetting infrastructure. The result of this study is a canal blocking design using a PVC pipe filled with peat soil in its cavity. The layout of this PVC pipe canal blocking is designed by considering various factors. Challenges and prospects related to the idea of ​​this canal blocking with PVC pipe were also taken into consideration in the design. It is hoped that the innovation of canal blocking materials can increase resource efficiency and fund for canal blocking construction while maintaining its function and development objectives. Keywords: peatland rewetting design, canal blocking, PVC pipe