Faculty Opinions recommendation of A conserved behavioral state barrier impedes transitions between anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and wakefulness: evidence for neural inertia.

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misha Perouansky
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral State

Vigilance States: Central Neural Pathways, Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Iovino ◽  
Tullio Messana ◽  
Giovanni De Pergola ◽  
Emanuela Iovino ◽  
Edoardo Guastamacchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Light Cycle ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
State Control ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Concentration Of Ions ◽  
Brainstem Nuclei ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Plasmatic Concentration

Background and Objective: The sleep-wake cycle is characterized by a circadian rhythm involving neurotransmitters and neurohormones that are released from brainstem nuclei and hypothalamus. The aim of this review is to analyze the role played by central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones in the regulation of vigilance states.Method:We analyzed the literature identifying relevant articles dealing with central neural pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the control of wakefulness and sleep.Results:The reticular activating system is the key center in the control of the states of wakefulness and sleep via alertness and hypnogenic centers. Neurotransmitters and neurohormones interplay during the dark-light cycle in order to maintain a normal plasmatic concentration of ions, proteins and peripheral hormones, and behavioral state control.Conclusion:An updated description of pathways, neurotransmitters and neurohormones involved in the regulation of vigilance states has been depicted.

scholarly journals A double-negative gene regulatory circuit underlies the virgin behavioral state

Cell Reports ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 109335
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Garaulet ◽  
Albertomaria Moro ◽  
Eric C. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Double Negative ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Regulatory Circuit ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Negative Gene

scholarly journals Stabilizing immature breathing patterns of preterm infants using stochastic mechanosensory stimulation

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Bloch-Salisbury ◽  
Premananda Indic ◽  
Frank Bednarek ◽  
David Paydarfar
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Nonlinear Properties ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Postconceptional Age ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Large Improvement

Breathing patterns in preterm infants consist of highly variable interbreath intervals (IBIs) that might originate from nonlinear properties of the respiratory oscillator and its input-output responses to peripheral and central signals. Here, we explore a property of nonlinear control, the potential for large improvement in the stability of breathing using low-level exogenous stochastic stimulation. Stimulation was administered to 10 preterm infants (postconceptional age: mean 33.3 wk, SD 1.7) using a mattress with embedded actuators that delivered small stochastic displacements (0.021 mm root mean square, 0.090 mm maximum, 30–60 Hz); this stimulus was subthreshold for causing arousal from sleep to wakefulness or other detectable changes in the behavioral state evaluated with polysomnography. We used a test-retest protocol with multiple 10-min intervals of stimulation, each paired with 10-min intervals of no stimulation. Stimulation induced an ∼50% reduction ( P = 0.003) in the variance of IBIs and an ∼50% reduction ( P = 0.002) in the incidence of IBIs > 5 s. The improved stability of eupneic breathing was associated with an ∼65% reduction ( P = 0.04) in the duration of O2 desaturation. Our findings suggest that nonlinear properties of the immature respiratory control system can be harnessed using afferent stimuli to stabilize eupneic breathing, thereby potentially reducing the incidence of apnea and hypoxia.

scholarly journals State-dependent sensorimotor processing: gaze and posture stability during simulated flight in birds

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 1689-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly L. McArthur ◽  
J. David Dickman
Keyword(s):  
Rotational Motion ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Space Orientation ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Gliding Flight ◽  
Posture Stability

Vestibular responses play an important role in maintaining gaze and posture stability during rotational motion. Previous studies suggest that these responses are state dependent, their expression varying with the environmental and locomotor conditions of the animal. In this study, we simulated an ethologically relevant state in the laboratory to study state-dependent vestibular responses in birds. We used frontal airflow to simulate gliding flight and measured pigeons′ eye, head, and tail responses to rotational motion in darkness, under both head-fixed and head-free conditions. We show that both eye and head response gains are significantly higher during flight, thus enhancing gaze and head-in-space stability. We also characterize state-specific tail responses to pitch and roll rotation that would help to maintain body-in-space orientation during flight. These results demonstrate that vestibular sensorimotor processing is not fixed but depends instead on the animal's behavioral state.

scholarly journals Movement patterns of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) reoccupying a Brazilian breeding ground

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel Carvalho Gonçalves ◽  
Renata Santoro de Sousa-Lima ◽  
Niel Nascimento Teixeira ◽  
Gustavo Henrique Carvalho ◽  
Daniel Danilewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Composition ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Behavioral State ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Wintering Area ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Grounds

Abstract: The population of humpback whales from breeding stock A is increasing, and little is known about the routes used by humpbacks that move north of the main calving area of Brazil, the Abrolhos Bank. The aim of this study was to describe the movements of humpback whales in a reoccupation wintering area (Serra Grande, Bahia state, Brazil) based on land-based surveys to test if movement patterns change during the season and between years, due to group composition, behavioral state, and distance to the coast. The mean leg speed of the groups sighted was 6.88 (±2.92) km/h, and leg speed was positively correlated with distance to the coast. There was an increase in leg speed and distance to the coast with increasing number of escorts in the groups with calves. The mean linearity value for group trajectory was 0.81 (±0.19) and the mean reorientation rate was 25.72 (±19.09) º/min. We observed a predominance of trajectories heading south throughout the study. Groups exhibiting more erratic movements early in the season, and groups moving south showed more linear trajectories than groups moving north, indicating the beginning of their migration back to the feeding grounds. Energy conserving strategies and social context affect the movements of humpback whales in Serra Grande, resulting in the observed patterns of the reoccupation of available and suitable habitat north of Abrolhos. Thereby, special attention should be given managing activities with the potential to disturb or displace whales using the region to calve and breed.

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