scholarly journals A problem of measuring quantity of liquid inside moving tank and possible ways to resolve it

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (123) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Valerii Borysovych Mazurenko
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Liquid Substance ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Symmetrical Form ◽  
Level Sensor ◽  
Instrumental Methods

The article describes a problem of measuring quantity of liquid substance inside moving tank. The problem consists in low accuracy in this type of measurement that is significantly lower than accuracy of such measurements provided in unmovable fixed tanks. Mostly, this problem is spread in transport: aviation, sea vessels, space rockets and automobiles, and it refers for measuring fuel in tanks, coolant volume, amount of various liquid substance under transportation etc. Low accuracy of obtained measurement data affects vehicle technical performance, leads to financial losses and even provokes some safety issues. There are several factors that increase measurement error during measuring inside a tank that is being under dimensional and angular motion. All of them change shape and position of liquid surface and make measuring process more complicated. Influence of some of these factors could be eliminated if the tank has symmetrical form, level sensor is installed along tank axe, and measurements are provided at middle part of tank height. If there are no such conditions, we face the discussed problem. The abovementioned factors are: tank inclination, tank acceleration, free motion of liquid surface, drastic changes in the shape of the liquid surface in case if the liquid surface position is shifting while it is located at nearby tank top or bottom area.Author made a review with the aim to analyze how this problem is treated in various transportation systems. The review shows that the problem of measuring quantity of liquid substance inside moving tank is not resolved in general. Some partial solutions are presented, in particular, for measuring fuel quantity inside tanks of swinging sea-based launch vehicle. But it is still needed to find a general solution.The problem couldn't be solved only by instrumental methods. Some published papers indicate the possible ways to resolve the problem. They are related to computational methods of data processing. Thus, development of this methods and creation of the corresponding information and measuring technology should be recognized as a most perspective way to resolve the problem of measuring quantity of liquid inside moving tank.

scholarly journals Flying Car Transportation System: Advances, Techniques, and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaofeng pan ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
Car Transportation

In order to fulfill transportation demands, people have well-explored ground, waterborne, and high-altitude spaces (HAS) for transportation purposes, as well as the underground space under cities (namely, subway systems). However, due to the increased burdens of population and urbanization in recent decades, huge pressures on public transportation and freight traffic are introduced to cities, plaguing the governors and constraining the development of economics. By observing the fact that near-ground space (NGS) has rarely been utilized, researchers and practitioners started to re-examine, propose and develop flying cars, which are not a totally novel idea, aiming at solving the traffic congestion problem and releasing the strains of cities. Flying cars completely differ from traditional grounded transportation systems, where automobiles/trains are suffering track limitations and are also different from the air flights in HAS for long-distance transfer. Therefore, while observing the lack of specific literature on flying cars and flying car transportation systems (FCTS), this paper is motivated to study the advances, techniques, and challenges of FCTS imposed by the inherent nature of NGS transportation and to devise useful proposals for facilitating the construction and commercialization of FCTS, as well as to facilitate the readers understanding of the incoming FCTS. We first introduce the increased requirements for transportation and address the advantages of flying cars. Next, a brief overview of the developing history of flying cars is presented in view of both timeline and technique categories. Then, we discuss and compare the state of the art in the design of flying cars, including take-off \& landing (TOL) modes, pilot modes, operation modes, and power types, which are respectively related to the adaptability, flexibility & comfort, stability & complexity, environmental friendliness of flying cars. Additionally, since large-scale operations of flying cars can improve the aforementioned transportation problem, we also introduce the designs of FCTS, including path and trajectory planning, supporting facilities and commercial designs. Finally, we discuss the challenges which might be faced while developing and commercializing FCTS from three aspects: safety issues, commercial issues, and ethical issues.

Using Smartphones as a Tool to Capture Road Traffic Attributes

2013 ◽  
Vol 432 ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Guido ◽  
Alessandro Vitale ◽  
Frank Fedel Saccomanno ◽  
Demetrio Carmine Festa ◽  
Vittorio Astarita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Vehicle Tracking ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
Special Events

Road network management under critical conditions is achievable by adopting technologies that trace vehicles and capture unsafety events to provide users with real time traffic information. Most common approaches used to acquire vehicle tracking data are based on video image processing algorithms and satellite navigation systems. However, many studies are increasingly focused on the emerging smartphone technologies for tracking vehicles. The aim of this study is to present a procedure for acquiring vehicle tracking data from smartphone sensors, supporting managers of transportation systems to take effective decisions on their networks, especially in conjunction with special events and/or critical road safety issues.

scholarly journals Using Ultrasonic Sensors to Develop a Wireless Level Control in Reservoirs with Liquid Chemical Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Bucur ◽  
Adrian-George Moise ◽  
Cristina Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Pid Controller ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Liquid Surface ◽  
Level Control ◽  
New Class ◽  
Level Sensor ◽  
Liquid Chemical ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Level Monitoring

The purpose of this paper is to show the research results for improving the quality of a level control system by using an ultrasonic level sensor. By using an ultrasonic sensor in a liquid level control loop, the authors wanted to experiment the use of this new class of sensors, which are working without contact with the liquid surface or volume. In industry, using this type of transducer is becoming more and more useful, having large scale applications, from dangerous liquids reservoirs level monitoring, to waste water level monitoring in treatment plants, and to level control systems for a wide class chemical products. The research also demonstrated the efficiency of the system remote control by using a dual-loop PID controller.

Including Life Cycle Considerations in the Design of an Electric Vehicle Space Frame

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Ortega ◽  
Bert Bras
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Space Frame ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Frame Design ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Life Cycle Design ◽  
Surface Models

Abstract Today’s increasing demands placed on vehicles in terms of increased power, reduced emissions, maintenance and energy consumption, and end of life cycle issues related to recycling and disposal have made vehicle life cycle design a very important issue. However, life cycle issues are typically not concurrently addressed during the development stages. In this paper, our interest is in determining vehicle frame design specifications that include technical as well as environmental life cycle considerations. The design of an electric vehicle space frame is used for our study. Technical performance and environmental life cycle considerations are taken into account, represented by the travel distance between charges and an environmental life cycle assessment, respectively. These considerations are mapped into structural and safety issues, which represent the critical vehicle frame design constraints. In order to rapidly explore the design space and perform trade-off studies, response surface models are constructed and used to characterize the physical behavior of the space frame. The purpose of our research is to provide designers with a decision support tool that will enable them to efficiently and effectively include and investigate life cycle considerations early in the design process. This is our primary emphasis in this paper, not so on the results of our example problem, per se.

scholarly journals Innovative Cooling for Rocket Combustion Chambers

2020 ◽  
pp. 51-64
Author(s):  
Jonas Peichl ◽  
Andreas Schwab ◽  
Markus Selzer ◽  
Hannah Böhrk ◽  
Jens von Wolfersdorf
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Rocket Engine ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composite ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Wake Flow ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Combustion Chambers

Abstract Transpiration cooling in combination with permeable ceramic-matrix composite materials is an innovative cooling method for rocket engine combustion chambers, while providing high cooling efficiency as well as enhancing engine life time as demanded for future space transportation systems. In order to develop methods and tools for designing transpiration cooled systems, fundamental experimental investigations were performed. An experimental setup consisting of a serial arrangement of four porous carbon fiber reinforced carbon (C/C) samples is exposed to a hot gas flow. Perfused with cold air, the third sample is unperfused in order to assess the wake flow development over the uncooled sample as well as the rebuilding of the coolant layer. Hereby, the focus is on the temperature boundary layer, using a combined temperature/pitot probe. Additionally, the sample surface temperature distribution was measured using IR imaging. The experiments are supported by numerical simulations which are showing a good agreement with measurement data for low blowing ratios.

scholarly journals Flying Car Transportation System: Advances, Techniques, and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaofeng pan ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Inherent Nature ◽  
Car Transportation

In order to fulfill transportation demands, people have well-explored ground, waterborne, and high-altitude spaces (HAS) for transportation purposes, as well as the underground space under cities (namely, subway systems). However, due to the increased burdens of population and urbanization in recent decades, huge pressures on public transportation and freight traffic are introduced to cities, plaguing the governors and constraining the development of economics. By observing the fact that near-ground space (NGS) has rarely been utilized, researchers and practitioners started to re-examine, propose and develop flying cars, which are not a totally novel idea, aiming at solving the traffic congestion problem and releasing the strains of cities. Flying cars completely differ from traditional grounded transportation systems, where automobiles/trains are suffering track limitations and are also different from the air flights in HAS for long-distance transfer. Therefore, while observing the lack of specific literature on flying cars and flying car transportation systems (FCTS), this paper is motivated to study the advances, techniques, and challenges of FCTS imposed by the inherent nature of NGS transportation and to devise useful proposals for facilitating the construction and commercialization of FCTS, as well as to facilitate the readers understanding of the incoming FCTS. We first introduce the increased requirements for transportation and address the advantages of flying cars. Next, a brief overview of the developing history of flying cars is presented in view of both timeline and technique categories. Then, we discuss and compare the state of the art in the design of flying cars, including take-off \& landing (TOL) modes, pilot modes, operation modes, and power types, which are respectively related to the adaptability, flexibility & comfort, stability & complexity, environmental friendliness of flying cars. Additionally, since large-scale operations of flying cars can improve the aforementioned transportation problem, we also introduce the designs of FCTS, including path and trajectory planning, supporting facilities and commercial designs. Finally, we discuss the challenges which might be faced while developing and commercializing FCTS from three aspects: safety issues, commercial issues, and ethical issues.

scholarly journals Crosswind Effects on Interaction Performance of High-speed Railway Pantograph-catenary System: A Case Study in Chengdu-Chongqing Passenger Special Railway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Song ◽  
Fuchuan Duan ◽  
Shibin Gao ◽  
Fanping Wu ◽  
Zhigang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turbulence Intensity ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Aerodynamic Force ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Lumped Mass ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Drag Forces ◽  
Operational Safety ◽  
Catenary System

Abstract As a common disturbance to the railway pantograph-catenary system, the crosswind may deteriorate the current collection quality and threat operational safety. The main topic of this paper is to study the effect of crosswind on the interaction performance of pantograph-catenary considering the aerodynamic forces acting on both the pantograph and catenary. The pantograph-catenary system of the Chengdu-Chongqing passenger special railway is adopted as the analysis object. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) is employed to build the catenary model, of which the numerical accuracy is validated via the comparison with the field measurement data collected from an inspection vehicle operating at 378 km/h. A special spatial grid is defined for the pantograph-catenary system to generate the stochastic wind field based on the empirical spectrum. According to the quasi-steady theory, the wind load acting on the catenary is derived. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is employed to calculate the lift and drag forces acting on each component of the pantograph, which are used to derive the equivalent aerodynamic force that can be applied in the lumped-mass model. The simulation results indicate that the pantograph-catenary system of Chengdu-Chongqing passenger special railway has an acceptable performance with a crosswind speed of 20 m/s. But when the crosswind increases up to 30 m/s, some contact force statistics exceed the safety threshold with a turbulence intensity of more than 17%. Through the analysis of the operational safety, it is found that the contact wire always works within the safety range of the pantograph head with a crosswind speed of 30 m/s. But some safety issues can be seen from the maximum uplift of the pantograph head with a turbulence intensity of more than 21%.

NSAIDs' Safety Issues May Spur Clinical Change

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 50-51
Author(s):  
BRUCE JANCIN
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Change ◽  
Safety Issues
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