scholarly journals Influence of Aggressivity of Water on the Long Term Sustainability of Hydro Power Structures – A Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Beena Anand
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Binding Medium ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Concrete Deterioration ◽  
Chemical Attack ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Useful Life

To fulfil country’s irrigation and power requirements various large capacity dams have been constructed on major rivers in last 50 years. The long term sustainability of these structures is largely dependent on hydro-environment and the capacity of these structures to resist weathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, or any other process of deterioration. The concrete deterioration is directly influenced by various geographical, climatic and ecological conditions. The chemical reactions between cement and water enable the setting and hardening of cement, resulting in a binding medium for the aggregates and development of strength. Quality of water plays an important role in the production of concrete. There are some chemical environments under which the useful life of even the best concrete will be affected adversely. The aggressiveness of water is dependent on the pH value, the total dissolved salts, the degree of hardness, soluble chlorides, sulphates, carbonation, temperature and alkalinity etc. Understanding these conditions permit measures to be taken to prevent or reduce deterioration.

Suitability of Surface Water for Concrete Mix (Case Study of Kwanar - Are Reservoir, Katsina, Nigeria)

2013 ◽  
Vol 831 ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
B.I. Hamisu
Keyword(s):  
Ph Value ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Organic Impurities ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Frequent Monitoring ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Cement Strength ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Kwanar-Are reservoir is located along Katsina Kano Federal road (Northern Nigeria). It has been used for over two decades as a source of water for irrigation and infrastructural development in Kasina city and environs.This study is intended to determine the quality of water in the reservoir to establish its suitability or otherwise for use in mixing concrete. The investigation is very necessary having in mind that the irrigarion activities take place on substantial portion within the reservoir for which the long term application of fertilizer and pesticides might have negetive impact on it. Samples of water were collected and examined. Parameters such as pH value, chlorides, sulphates, alkalies, and solids as well as organic impurities were determined which essentially affect the setting time of cement, strength, durability and other properties of the concrete. Result obtained shows the tested parameters in negligible quantities. Metals are in trace quantities also. The determined compressive strength of concrete cubes of the diamension 150x150x150 made from water in the reservoir for 7 and 28 days after curing are within normal range. Frequent monitoring of the reservoir is necessary by all stake holders especially the Regulatory Bodies of water resources in Katsina state.

scholarly journals Physicochemical Indices of Ground Water and Their Geoponic Management, in Coastal Odisha, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Siba Prasad Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Ground Water Flow ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Aquifer Geometry ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Inorganic Constituents

<p>Agriculture can not exist without water. At present the old practice of arbitrary use of water in irrigation sector has become unethical. Odisha is an agrarian state in east coast of India. For better yield of crops, quality of water is intricately related to the aquifer geometry, ground water flow regime and its quality. Coastal Odisha is having an area of 14700 sqkm and demography of 1.26 million. The land has mostly water logged alluvial crop land, deciduous forests or sandy dunes with an astomosed channels of hexa-deltaic rivers. The edaphic factors demand improvement of quality of ground water which is brackish. The physicochemical properties like pH value, electrical conductivity, inorganic constituents (Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>++</sup>, Ca<sup>++</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>) of ground water used for lift irrigation have been studied. Data from thousand number of wells from the study area are covered in various seasons during the years 2009-2014 along with the yield of the major crop, i.e., paddy. The indices and parameters like EC, SAR, KI, ESP, SSP, MAR, PI and alkalinity of the ground water are determined to show its fitness for irrigation in the area. The different water management policies and present activities are discussed so that the ground water can be used efficiently for irrigation in coastal Odisha.</p>

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS PENAMBAHAN KARBON AKTIF ARANG KAYU BAKAU DALAM PROSES FILTRASI AIR GAMBUT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
Nila Puspita Sari ◽  
Mashuri Mashuri
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Wood Charcoal ◽  
Filtration Process ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Mangrove Wood

Peat water can cause diseases such as cholera, hepatitis, dysentery, skin and eye diseases, and digestive diseases. Peat water is source water that is used daily needed by society in Segomeng. Mangrove wood is a material that can be used in the process of water purification because it can be used as activated charcoal which is a carbon compound, which is produced from a material that contains carbon. The research purpose is to know whether activated carbon of mangrove wood charcoal can be a medium of peat water filtering into clean water. This research type is the experiment and the design of this research uses Complete Random Design with some treatment which is arranged randomly for all experimental units. The different treatments are given, among others, using slow sand filtration and clay soil as a coagulant, using a slow sand filter with activated charcoal added mangrove wood with a thickness of 10 cm, and with a thickness of 15 cm. The results showed filtration with the addition of activated charcoal from mangrove wood with a thickness of 15 cm in getting the best results, can increase the pH value and is expected to improve the water quality of the acidic, odor-free, reducing taste, and the rapid filtration process that is 10 minutes. The conclusion is that the addition of activated carbon from mangrove wood charcoal is quite effective in the process of peat water filtration and can improve physical quality of water. The Suggestion is,should be measured of physical, chemical and biological character of peat water before and after filtration process.and also measurement of absorption of activated carbon of charcoal of mangrove wood before used as absorbent in filtration process

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Assessment for Irrigation: Case Study in the Blinaja River Basin, Kosovo

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1515-1528
Author(s):  
Hazir S. Çadraku
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Kelly’S Ratio

Groundwater is an important source for a drink and irrigation in the Blinaja river basin. Understanding knowledge of irrigation water quality is critical to the management of water for long-term productivity. Historically for this study area there is no data and information regarding the quality and use of water for irrigation needs. Therefore, there was a need to assess water quality based on data analysed from eight sampling points. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate, relying on analytical results, the quality of groundwater in the Blinaja river basin for the purpose of its use for irrigation of agricultural crops. For this purpose, in the Blinaja River Basin in different months during 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, 28 water samples were taken to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation. Water samples were analysed in a laboratory for some of the key quality indicators; pH, EC, hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, SO4, Cl, etc. and then irrigation water quality indices were calculated such as: percentage of Na (% Na), SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio), PI (Permeability index), KR (Kelly's ratio), etc. The overall objective of this study was to assess the quality of water to be used by the inhabitants of the area for irrigation of agricultural crops. Analytical procedures for the laboratory determinations of water quality have been given in several publications (USDA Handbook 60 by Richards, 1954; FAO Soils Bulletin 10 by Dewis and Freitas1970; APHA 2005). Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091740 Full Text: PDF

Thinking Like a River

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Worster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Natural Cycle ◽  
Soil Resource ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Poor Management

When we drive by a modern farm, we still expect to see green plants sprouting from the earth, bearing the promise of food or cooking oil or a cotton shirt. Pulling up one of those plants, we are still prepared to find dirt clinging to its roots. Even in this age of high-tech euphoria, agriculture remains essentially a matter of plants growing in the soil. But another element besides soil has always been a part of the farmer’s life-water. Farming is not only growing crops on a piece of land, it is also growing crops in water. I don’t mean a hydroponics lab. I mean that the farmer and his plants inescapably are participants in the natural cycle of water on this planet. Water is a more volatile, uncertain element than soil in the agricultural equation. Soil naturally stays there on the farm, unless poor management intervenes, whereas water is by nature forever on the move, falling from the clouds, soaking down to roots, running off in streams to the sea. We must farm rivers and the flow of water as well as fields and pastures if we are to continue to thrive. But it has never been easy to extract a living from something so mobile and elusive, so relentless and yet so vulnerable as water. If there is to be a long-term, sustainable agriculture in the United States or elsewhere, farmers must think and act in accord with the flow of water over, under, through, and beyond their farms. Preserving the fertility of the soil resource is critical to sustaining it, of course, but not more so than maintaining the quality of water. In many ways, the two ideals are one. And their failure is one, as when rain erodes the topsoil and creeks and rivers suffer. But there are differences between those two resources, differences we must understand and respect. Unlike soil, water cannot be “built.” It can be lost to the farmer, or it can be diverted, polluted, misused, or over-appropriated, but it can never be deepened or enhanced as soil can be.

scholarly journals Efficacy of BRS® and Alpron®/Bilpron® Disinfectants for Dental Unit Waterlines: A Six-Year Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Baudet ◽  
Julie Lizon ◽  
Jean-Marc Martrette ◽  
Frédéric Camelot ◽  
Arnaud Florentin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Dental Staff ◽  
Dental Unit Waterlines ◽  
Significant Health

Biofilms in dental unit waterlines (DUWL) are a potentially significant source of contamination posing a significant health risk as these may come into contact with patients and dental staff during treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of DUWL water treated by Biofilm-Removing-System® (BRS®) and Alpron®/Bilpron® disinfectant solutions for six years in a French university hospital. The microbiological quality of water supplied by 68 dental units—initially shock treated with BRS®, then continuously treated by Alpron® with sterile water during working days and Bilpron® during inactivity period, and combined with purging every morning and after each patient—was assessed biannually during six years for total culturable aerobic bacteria at 22 °C and 36 °C, Legionella sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and total coliforms. A total of 628 samples were analyzed, 99.8% were compliant with extended microbiological levels, and we never detected pathogen bacteria like Legionella sp. and P. aeruginosa. Only one sample (0.2%) was noncompliant with the level of total culturable aerobic bacteria at 36 °C, which exceeded 140 colony forming units per mL. The protocol implemented in our university hospital gives excellent results and enables control of the microbiological quality of DUWL water in the long term.

Modeling sewage leakage to surrounding groundwater and stormwater drains

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2659-2665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duy Khiem Ly ◽  
Ting Fong May Chui
Keyword(s):  
Local Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Sewage Pipe ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Leakage Monitoring ◽  
Pipe Rehabilitation

Underground sewage pipe systems deteriorate over time resulting in cracks and joint defects. Sewage thus leaks out and contaminates the surrounding groundwater and the surface water in stormwater drains. Many studies have investigated the problem of sewage leakage but no published studies, to the best knowledge of the authors, have examined the hydrologic interactions between leaky sewage pipes, groundwater and stormwater drains. This study numerically models such interactions using generic conditions in Singapore. It first develops accurate representations of weep holes and leaky sewage pipes, and further shows the long-term and short-term system responses to rainfall events. Some of the implications include: (1) quality of water seeping into the drains tends to be low in dry years; (2) complete contaminant attenuation after pipe rehabilitation takes several years; (3) responses to rainfall events at weep holes are immediate but the effects on sewage leakage might only show up a few days later. The simulation results allow us to better understand the local-scale migration of sewage leakage from a sewage pipe to nearby stormwater drains. With calibrations and verifications with local field data, the modeling framework would be applicable and beneficial to the sewage leakage monitoring and sewage pipe rehabilitation worldwide.

scholarly journals Characterization and diversity of macroinvertebrates of the Bouhamdane Stream (northeast of Algeria)

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Abdelhakim Rouibi ◽  
Affef Baaloudj ◽  
Faycal Chahrour ◽  
Ahmed Kerfouf ◽  
Hadia Rizi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
High Water ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Eastern Algeria

Freshwaters are among the most threatened ecosystems, particularly in North Africa where urbanization and climate change are exerting an important pressure on aquatic fauna. Long-term investigation of macroinvertebrates is one of the best ways of tracking and understanding the influence of environmental and anthropogenic pressures on community dynamics. In this study, we focus on determining the community structure and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates as well as the state of aquatic physicochemical parameters in the Bouhamdane Stream, near the outlet of Bouhamdane dam, Seybouse watershed, north-eastern Algeria. We carried out a bi-monthly sampling of macroinvertebrates and nine water physicochemical parameters from September 2017 to July 2018 at three sites. Results show that the collected macroinvertebrates (6756 individuals) belong to 15 families and 12 orders. The abundance of the macrofauna consisted of 88.19% crustaceans, 7.74% insects, 3.7% molluscs and 0.16% annelids. Physicochemical analyzes (depth, turbidity, pH, dissolved O2, temperature, salinity, and conductivity) showed variability among sites. The families of Gammaridae and Baetidae were the most frequent and the most abundant on all the stations. The results indicate that aquatic macroinvertebrates constitute good indicators of the biological quality of water. This study shows that even with the occurrence of regular dam water discharge, the macroinvertebrate community is still able to persist either through adaptation to high water velocity or high colonization rate.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Quality of Water for Injection Marketed in South-Eastern Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Onyia Chukwuebuka Felix ◽  
Ikegbunam Nkechukwu Moses ◽  
Okafor Maris-stella Chibuanuli ◽  
Esimone Charles Okechukwu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Ph Range

The present work seeks to evaluate the safety and quality of water for injection (WFI) marketed in south-Eastern Nigeria. The physical, microbiological and chemical qualities of different brands of WFI marketed in south- eastern Nigeria were evaluated in order to ascertain their quality. A total of one hundred and forty-seven (147) samples of four different brands of WFI (approximately thirty vials per state) were analysed. All the brands (A, B, and C) except D conformed to the PH range (5.0-7.0) at room temperature. The PH value of all the brands reduced when subjected to increased temperature. All the brands were also sterile. All the brands passed the conductivity test with respect to compendia standard. The study revealed that the various brands of WFI marketed in south-eastern Nigeria conform to some official limits except for heavy metals. However, WFI in south-eastern Nigeria are considerably safe.

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