Potential Mutagenicity of Udimo 75 WG Herbicide in Salmonella typhimurium with Ames Test

Abstract A precise understanding of differences in genomic mutations according to the mutagenic mechanisms detected in mutagenicity data is required to evaluate the carcinogenicity of environmental mutagens. Recently, we developed a highly accurate genome sequencing method, ‘Hawk-Seq™’, that enables the detection of mutagen-induced genome-wide mutations. However, its applicability to detect various mutagens and identify differences in mutational profiles is not well understood. Thus, we evaluated DNA samples from Salmonella typhimurium TA100 exposed to 11 mutagens including alkylating agents, aldehydes, an aromatic nitro compound, epoxides, aromatic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We extensively analysed mutagen-induced mutational profiles and their association with the mechanisms of mutagens. Hawk-Seq™ sensitively detected mutations induced by all 11 mutagens, including one that increased the number of revertants by approximately two-fold in the Ames test. Although the sensitivity for less water-soluble mutagens was relatively low, we increased the sensitivity to obtain high-resolution spectra by modifying the exposure protocol. Moreover, two epoxides indicated similar 6-dimensional or 96-dimensional mutational patterns; likewise, three SN1 type alkylating agents indicated similar mutational patterns, suggesting that the mutational patterns are compound category-specific. Meanwhile, an SN2 type alkylating agent exhibited unique mutational patterns compared to those of the SN1 type alkylating agents. Although the mutational patterns induced by aldehydes, the aromatic nitro compound, aromatic amines, and PAHs did not differ substantially from each other, the maximum total base substitution frequencies (MTSFs) were similar among mutagens in the same structural groups. Furthermore, the MTSF was found to be associated with the carcinogenic potency of some direct-acting mutagens. These results indicate that our method can generate high-resolution mutational profiles to identify characteristic features of each mutagen. The detailed mutational data obtained by Hawk-Seq™ can provide useful information regarding mutagenic mechanisms and help identify its association with the carcinogenicity of mutagens without requiring carcinogenicity data.

Download Full-text

Impact of the S9% in the Ames test revertant colonies on the strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA98

Toxicology Letters ◽

10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.751 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 295 ◽

pp. S151

Author(s):

A.T.C. Paulino ◽

S. Mateus ◽

I. Sardo ◽

C. Pires

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Ames Test

Download Full-text

3,5-Dimethyaminophenol is not Mutagenic in Ames Test and HPRT Test and may have Anti-Carcinogenic Potential Against Lung Cancer Cells

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2251553 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (25) ◽

pp. 1553

Author(s):

Ming-Wei Chao ◽

Chia-Yi Tseng ◽

Pei-Ying Lin ◽

Yu-Jung Chang ◽

Özge Köse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Cancer ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Cho Cells ◽

Ames Test ◽

A549 Cells ◽

Lung Cancer Cells ◽

Lung Fibroblasts ◽

Carcinogenic Potential

Exposure to 3,5-dimethylaminophenol (3,5-DMAP), the metabolite of the 3-5-dimethylaniline, was shown to cause high levels of oxidative stress in different cells. However, we have shown that this alkylaniline metabolite was non-mutagenic to different strains of Salmonella typhimurium in Ames test and also was found to be not mutagenic to CHO cells in HPRT test. Concerning all the available data, we aimed to observe whether this metabolite may have anti-carcinogenic potential in human non-small cell lung cancer line (A549 cells). 3,5-DMAP caused a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity and generation of superoxide (O2-.) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). 3,5-DMAP did not produce significant cytotoxicity to human lung fibroblasts even at very high concentrations; however showed higher cytotoxic effect on A549 lung cancer cells at the same concentrations. 3,5-DMAP also led to molecular events, like increases in apoptotic markers (i.e., p53, Bad, Bax and cytochrome and decreases anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2). Furthermore, 3,5-DMAP provided significant decreases in cell viability of A549 cells and eventually inhibited growth of A549 cells in an in vivo mouse model. Tumor sections showed that 3,5-DMAP down-regulated c-Myc expression but up-regulated p53 and cytochrome c, all of which might result in tumor growth arrest. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate 3,5-DMAP is not mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium and CHO cells; toxic to A549 cells and therefore may have anti-cancer properties, the importance of which should be elucidated with further mechanistic studies.

Download Full-text

Phytochemical and Antibacterial Action of Taro (Colocasia esculenta, Araceaea) Aqueous-Ethanolic Leaf Extract against Selected Bacterial Strains

UIC Research Journal ◽

10.17158/232 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Judee N. Nogodula ◽

Jessa Marie D. Draug ◽

Maryjane S. Jamero

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Ames Test ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Mutagenic Activity ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Ethanolic Leaf Extract

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) plant is commonly available and popularly used as food and alternative medicine. To prove its medicinal value, the study explored its secondary metabolites from aqueous-ethanolic leaf extract. Specifically, this investigation aimed to classify its acute dermal toxicity and antibacterial activity, determine its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and identify the equipotency with the standard drug and mutagenic activity. Phytochemical screening of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, flavonoids, polyphenol compounds and anthraquinones was performed. Five healthy female rabbits were used for toxicity test based on OECD guidelines 404. Kirby-Bauer method was employed for antibacterial activity (susceptibility and potency tests) using Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Clinical Isolate Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. A two-fold agar dilution was applied for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Ames test was employed for direct mutagenicity assay using Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Results showed that leaf extract has no anthraquinone and it is categorized as non toxic up to allowable dose of 5000 mg/kg. The findings showed a significant difference on the mean zones of inhibition between Vancomycin and plant extract against S. aureus and between tetracycline and the extract towards E.coli. The MRSA and P. aeruginosa showed no significant differences. The MIC of extract is effective to MRSA and S. aureus at 105.26 and 50 mg/mL respectively. However, E. coli and P. aeruginosa are resistant up to the 105.26 mg/mL. Potency test revealed a non-comparability in strength between the extract and Azithromycin using Gram-negative bacteria. However, the extract showed comparable strength with the standard drug using MRSA and S. aureus. Ames test revealed a mutagenic activity using Salmonella typhimurium TA98.

Download Full-text

The mutagenicity analysis of imidapril hydrochloride and its degradant, diketopiperazine derivative, nitrosation mixtures by in vitro Ames test with two strains of Salmonella typhimurium

Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy ◽

10.1016/j.rpor.2014.04.004 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 412-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katarzyna Regulska ◽

Marek Murias ◽

Beata Stanisz ◽

Miłosz Regulski

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Ames Test ◽

Imidapril Hydrochloride

Download Full-text

Mutagenesis by Ionizing Radiation in Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium Used in the Ames Test

International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics Chemistry and Medicine ◽

10.1080/rab.40.1.111.115 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 111-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

F. Paula Imray ◽

D.G. Macphee

Keyword(s):

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Ames Test

Download Full-text

Mutagenic Tests Confirm That New Acetylacetonate Pt(II) Complexes Induce Apoptosis in Cancer Cells Interacting with Nongenomic Biological Targets

Metal-Based Drugs ◽

10.1155/2011/763436 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Sandra Angelica De Pascali ◽

Federica Lugoli ◽

Antonella De Donno ◽

Francesco Paolo Fanizzi

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Ames Test ◽

Mutagenic Activity ◽

Resistant Cell ◽

Biological Targets ◽

Selective Substitution ◽

Apoptotic Pathways ◽

Mutation Assay

New platinum(II) complexes [PtCl(O,O′-acac)(L)] (1) and [Pt(O,O′-acac)(-acac)(L)] (2) (, a; DMS, b) containing a single chelated (O,O′-acac) (1), or one chelated and one -bonded (-acac) acetylacetonate (2) have been synthesized. The new Pt(II) complexes exhibited high in vitro cytotoxicity on cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines and showed negligible reactivity with nucleobases (Guo and 5′-GMP) but selective substitution of DMSO/DMS with soft biological nucleophiles, such as L-methionine. In order to assess the ability of the new complexes with respect to cisplatin to induce apoptosis by interaction with nongenomic targets, the Ames' test, a standard reverse mutation assay, was carried out on two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98 and TA100). Interestingly, the new complexes did not show the well-known mutagenic activity exhibited by cisplatin and are, therefore, able to activate apoptotic pathways without interacting with DNA.

Download Full-text

Investigating Anti-mutagenic Activities of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) Applying Salmonella typhimurium and the Ames Test

International journal of basic science in medicine ◽

10.34172/ijbsm.2020.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 90-95

Author(s):

Zahra Zare

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Ames Test ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Positive Control ◽

Test Methods ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Percolation Method ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

The Mean

Introduction: Genetic mutations have a significant role in causing cancers, and plants are effective on cancer recovery by producing metabolites. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the Lantana camera anti-mutation effects applying Salmonella typhimurium in the Ames test. Methods: To this end, the plant was prepared from the Iran National Botanical Garden in 2018 (Tehran, Iran), and the methanolic extracts of its leaves and flowers were obtained by the percolation method. Then, anti-mutagenic activities were studied by the Ames method and the assessment of the rate of reverse mutations in mutant Salmonella typhimurium. Mutant strains cannot grow on minimal mineral media thus only those bacteria that have acquired a wild genotype after reverse mutation in the presence of the mutagen are able to grow on this medium. The plant extract, along with a mutagen substance was used to evaluate its anti-mutagenic effects by counting grown colonies and calculating the mean mutation inhibitory index according to the "Ong" formula. Finally, anti-mutagenic activities were retested by adding the sterile extract of the mouse liver (S9), and the data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, version 22.Results: In general, the results showed that the mean number of grown colonies decreased significantly despite the plant material in comparison with the standard. According to the "Ong" formula, the percentage of inhibition was [1-T/M]×100. Based on the results, T grew a number of colonies on each petri dish despite the mutagen and extract, and M grew a number of colonies in positive control plates. Eventually, mutation inhibition percentages in leaf extracts were significantly higher than those of flower extracts, which were 75.59 ± 0.73 (+S9) and 84.79 ± 0.17 (-S9), as well as 49.57 ± 0.55 (+S9) and 62.32 ± 0.23 (-S9), respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In general, the leaves and flowers of L. camara demonstrated anti-mutagenic activities with higher activities in the leaves compared to flowers.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of mutagenic activity of the pesticides: actara, sencor, mospilan, pencozeb, fastac in the Ames test

Ecological genetics ◽

10.17816/ecogen6429-33 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 29-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nazira S Karamova ◽

Alexandra P Denisova ◽

Zenon Stasevski

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Rat Liver ◽

Potato Plant ◽

Ames Test ◽

Mutagenic Activity ◽

Metabolic Activation ◽

Mutagenic Effect ◽

Toxic Concentrations ◽

S9 Fraction

The mutagenic activity of five pesticides actara, sencor, mospilan, pencozeb, fastac widely used for treatment of potato plant lands in Tatarstan was tested in the Ames test. The non toxic concentrations of the pesticides determined in preliminary cytotoxicty test were used in the Ames assay. Pesticides actara, mospilan, pencozeb, fastac did not show mutagenic effect in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 without rat liver S9 fraction. The weak mutagenic effect of herbicide sencor was established at concentration 1 ug/plate. Metabolic activation in vitro using rat liver S9 fraction decreased the mutagenic activity of sencor and did not alter the mutagenicity rate of the pesticides actara, mospilan, pencozeb and fastac.

Download Full-text

Superoxide dismutase protects against paraquat-mediated dioxygen toxicity and mutagenicity: studies in Salmonella typhimurium

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1139/y82-204 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 60 (11) ◽

pp. 1367-1373 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Hosni M. Hassan ◽

Carmella S. Moody

Keyword(s):

Superoxide Dismutase ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Normal Level ◽

Ames Test ◽

Superoxide Radical ◽

Oxygen Free Radicals ◽

Chromosomal Breaks ◽

Oxygen Sensitive ◽

Mutagenic Effects

Paraquat is univalently reduced to the relatively stable, but oxygen-sensitive, paraquat radical (PQ∙+). This PQ∙+ can react with dioxygen to generate the superoxide radical, which can further generate other more deleterious species of oxygen free radicals (i.e., hydroxyl radical, OH∙). These oxygen free radicals are known to cause chromosomal breaks; therefore, it was logical to postulate that paraquat is a mutagen. This proved to be the case when tested in a modified Ames test using a liquid incubation assay. Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 were grown in the presence of various concentrations of PQ, as well as in the presence of known mutagenic compounds: mitomycin C, azide, and proflavine. Paraquat was much more toxic and mutagenic in a simple nutritionally restricted medium than in a rich complex medium and these toxic and mutagenic effects were oxygen dependent. Furthermore, cells containing high levels of superoxide dismutase were more resistant to the toxic and mutagenic effects of paraquat than were cells containing a normal level of this enzyme.

Download Full-text