scholarly journals India-Pakistan Standoff (2001-2002): Chinese Diplomacy to De-escalat

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (IV) ◽  
pp. 205-216
Author(s):  
Unsa Jamshed
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Diplomacy

Diplomatic Doctrine and Style with Chinese Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 370-380
Author(s):  
Chas W. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Political Leadership ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Chinese Revolution ◽  
Chinese Characteristics ◽  
And Control ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Contemporary Chinese ◽  
The Way

Summary Chinese diplomatic style is the product of many influences. It is rooted in 2,000 years of history but also reflects changes resulting from the Chinese Revolution and the dramatic expansion of its wealth, power, status and interests ongoing today. Much is made of the hierarchical tradition in China’s diplomatic thinking and its resistance to Western diplomatic norms. However, these provide unreliable guides for contemporary Chinese diplomacy. While ‘face’, in terms of the respect of others remains an important consideration, Chinese diplomacy is influenced by upholding its understanding of the principles of sovereignty, non-intervention and self-determination. It is also influenced by the ruling Chinese Communist Party’s conceptions of how political leadership and control are exercised and maintained. These concerns manifest themselves in the way Chinese diplomatic style has avoided force, favoured ambiguity and operated with a clear, but creatively interpreted, distinction between non-negotiable core principles and more flexible concrete arrangements.

Impressions of China's New Diplomacy: The Australian Experience

1971 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 670-676
Author(s):  
Stephen FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
General Relevance ◽  
Australian Case ◽  
Australian Experience ◽  
Middle Powers ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Small Powers

The visit of the Australian Labour Party (ALP) delegation to China in July this year provided an interesting and representative example of Chinese diplomacy in action.* Although the ALP is in opposition, the delegation was dealt with by China as the representatives of a possible future Australian government, and its leader, Gough Whitlam, as the alternative Australian Prime Minister. The discussions were pitched accordingly. The visit also had some general relevance because of the importance China now attaches to relations with “small” powers, including countries like Australia (which see themselves rather as middle powers); indeed, China's new diplomatic contacts with such powers illustrate the whole thrust of China's global diplomacy in 1971. The Australian case is interesting also because in Australia, as in the United States and a number of other countries, the “China problem” has been such a central issue in foreign policy that it has spilled over into a complex involvement in domestic politics.

Friendship in Chinese International Relations

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-199
Author(s):  
Chih-Yu Shih
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Foreign Policy Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Tributary System ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Contemporary Chinese

Confucian friendship adds to the literature on friendship distance sensibilities and aims to maintain and even reinforce the Confucian ethical order, whereas contemporary international politics fails to provide any clear ethical order. The use of friendship and the concomitant creation of a friendly role by China indicate an intended move away from the improper order, including the tributary system, the Cold War, imperialism, and socialism. Confucian friendship continues to constitute contemporary Chinese diplomacy under the circumstance of indeterminate distance sensibilities. It highlights the relevance of the prior relations that are perceived to have constituted friendship. This article explores several illustrative practices of a Confucian typology of friendly international relations, divided into four kinds of friendship, according to (1) the strength of prior relations and (2) the asymmetry of capacity, including the policies toward Russia, North Korea, and Vietnam, among others. Such a Confucian friendship framework additionally alludes to foreign policy analysis in general. The US policies for China and North Korea are examples that indicate this wide scope of application.

scholarly journals Identity, Role Conception, and Status Dilemma: A Socio-Psychological Account of China-U.S. Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 343-372
Author(s):  
Ning Liao
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Role Conceptions ◽  
The One ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Status Politics ◽  
International Status

This article examines the status politics in Chinese foreign policy and its implications on China-U.S. relations. The analysis of status recognition and the role it plays in Chinese diplomacy reveals the motivating factors behind China’s quest for respect in the international arena and the centrality of national identity in China’s status aspiration. Viewed from the socio-psychological perspective, China’s tenacious struggle to gain a prominent international status is a social action aimed at forging its identity security, whereby the Chinese “self” will interact on equal terms with the foreign “other.” Based on the argument, this paper compares Chinese and American role conceptions and dissects the status dilemma between the two powers by exploring the dynamics of disrespect in their status relations. The two nations’ distinctive self-role conceptions and their role expectations of the interacting parties have led to a widening gap between China’s international status that entitles it to equal treatment and the one accorded by the United States. The disquieting condition of this status dissonance has motivated Beijing to disrupt the asymmetric hierarchy wherein it used to exhibit deference to Washington. The effort of the established hegemon in upending the defiance of the status contestant has exacerbated the status dilemma, which has given rise to the current China-U.S. malaise.

The Foochow Anti-Missionary Riot-August 30, 1878

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Foreign Presence ◽  
Chinese Diplomacy ◽  
Considerable Experience

The full-scale Protestant missionary assault made possible by the provisions of the Treaty of Tientsin, which allowed missionaries access to all parts of the interior of China and provided them with the protection of local authorities, both created new problems and intensified old ones existing as a result of unwelcome foreign presence in the land. The difficulties were of such nature as to plague even those nations which had considerable experience and had enjoyed substantial success in colonial affairs. It is the purpose of this paper to examine one incident involving missionary operation in order to illustrate through it the practical burdens which such enterprises could impose upon British and Chinese diplomacy. It is the conviction of this writer that such episodes, although not in themselves crucial, were influential in the shaping of diplomacy.

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