scholarly journals Preparing Women of Substance? Education, Training, and Labor Market Outcomes for Women in Pakistan

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 93-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monazza Aslam ◽  
Shenila Rawal
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
General Education ◽  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Market Benefits

This paper investigates the economic (i.e., labor market) outcomes of “training” for individuals in Pakistan. The labor market benefits of general education have been relatively well explored in the literature and specifically in Pakistan. They point to the benefits of education accruing both from education or skills that promote a person’s entry into more lucrative occupations and from raising earnings within any given occupation. This research delves into another angle by investigating the role, if any, of acquired “training“—technical, vocational, apprenticeship, or on-thejob— and its impact through both channels of effect on economic wellbeing. This is done using data from a unique, purpose-designed survey of more than 1,000 households in Pakistan, collected in 2007. Multinomial logit estimates of occupational attainment show how training determines occupational choice. In addition, we estimate the returns to schooling and to training separately for men and women. The results show that, while training significantly improves women’s chances of entering self-employment and wage work (as well as the more “lucrative” occupations), only wage-working women benefit from improved earnings through the training they have acquired. On the other hand, men who have acquired skills this way benefit through an improved probability of being self-employed and earning higher returns within that occupation.

Is more always good? Over-education, job satisfaction and wages on the Czech labor market

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-414
Author(s):  
Raufhon Salahodjaev
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Using Data

The notion of over-education has drawn considerable research attention since the work of Freeman (1976). This study provides evidence that education match matters for labor market outcomes. Using data from the REFLEX survey, we find that over-education and over-skilling has a significant negative impact on wages and job satisfaction in the Czech labor market. Secondly, we find that the wage penalty is stronger for female respondents. In contrast, overskilled and overeducated men are more dissatisfied than women.

scholarly journals Politics in the Family: Nepotism and the Hiring Decisions of Italian Firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Gagliarducci ◽  
Marco Manacorda
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Political Office ◽  
Family Connections ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Universe

This paper studies the effect of family connections to politicians on individuals’ labor market outcomes. Using data for Italy spanning more than three decades on a sample of almost one million individuals plus data on the universe of individuals holding political office, we show that politicians extract significant rents, in terms of private sector jobs, for their family members. We present evidence consistent with the hypothesis that this phenomenon is a form of corruption, i.e., a quid pro quo exchange between firms and politicians, although arguably an inferior substitute for easier-to-detect modes of rent appropriation on the part of politicians. (JEL D72, D73, J23, K42, M51, Z13)

State High School Exit Examinations and Postsecondary Labor Market Outcomes

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Warren Warren ◽  
Eric Grodsky ◽  
Jennifer C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Exit Examinations ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Labor Force Status ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
High School Exit ◽  
Using Data

Since the late 1970s, an increasing number of states have required students to pass statewide high school exit examinations (HSEEs) in order to graduate. States have usually adopted HSEEs in response to the perception that a substantial number of graduates lack skills that are required for success in the modern economy. What do these educational reforms mean for students' postsecondary economic and labor market prospects? The central hypothesis of the study presented here was that state HSEE policies have the effect of widening gaps in labor force status and earnings between young people who have high school diplomas and those who do not. To test this hypothesis, the authors modeled the association between state HSEE policies and these labor market outcomes using data from the 1980–2000 U.S. censuses and the 1984–2002 Outgoing Rotation Groups of the Current Population Survey. The results revealed no evidence that state HSEEs positively affect labor force status or earnings or that the connections between state HSEE policies and these outcomes vary by students' race/ethnicity or the level of difficulty of state HSEEs.

scholarly journals General Education, Vocational Education, and Labor-Market Outcomes over the Lifecycle

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Hanushek ◽  
Guido Schwerdt ◽  
Ludger Woessmann ◽  
Lei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
General Education ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes

Supplementary Education at College and Its Consequences for Individuals’ Labor Market Outcomes in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-137
Author(s):  
Steve R. Entrich ◽  
Soo-yong Byun
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Supplementary Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Extended Education ◽  
Positive Effect

The current study seeks to expand our knowledge on extended education and ist potential contribution to social inequality by examining socioeconomic disparities in supplementary education (SE) at college and its impact on labor market outcomes. Using data from the United States Education Longitudinal Study, logistic and linear regressions deliver the following main findings: (1) Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly affects SE participation, net of other factors. (2) With higher involvement in SE activities, neither employment nor income prospects significantly increase. (3) Low SES graduates are slightly more likely to benefit from SE than high SES graduates. (4) Among high-impact SE practices, only internships exert a positive effect on labor market outcomes.

scholarly journals Criminal Justice Involvement and Employment Outcomes Among Women

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 973-994
Author(s):  
Amanda Sheely
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Criminal Justice Involvement ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the potentially cumulative effects of being arrested, convicted, and incarcerated on labor market outcomes among women, as well as whether decreased employment levels are due to labor market exclusion or detachment. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, I find that arrested women have reduced levels of employment, due to both labor market exclusion (unemployment) and labor market detachment (not in the labor force). Once the effect of being arrested is taken into account, women who are convicted or incarcerated do not face any additional negative employment consequences. These results demonstrate that policymakers must look beyond incarceration to reduce the impact of criminal justice involvement on women.

scholarly journals Changes in Early Labor Market Outcomes among Young College Graduates in South Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 688 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-136
Author(s):  
Jaesung Choi ◽  
Hannah Bae
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
South Korea ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Uncertainty ◽  
College Entrance ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Critical Policy ◽  
Over Time

The unemployment rate among youths (age 20–29) in South Korea has increased sharply from 6.6 percent in 2002 to 9.8 percent in 2016. At the same time, the college entrance rate remains around 70 percent, and skill mismatch among college goers is a critical policy concern. Little attention has been paid to temporal change in labor market outcomes among college graduates or to the kinds of graduates who are particularly vulnerable to labor market uncertainty. We investigate how labor market experiences for college graduates have changed over time using data from nine different graduating cohorts of the Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey (GOMS). The results reveal that the proportion of those searching for a job has increased over time, and that even for those who were employed, job quality deteriorated. We also find a growing gap in labor market outcomes by reputation of graduating universities and college major.

scholarly journals Effects of Fatherhood on Male Wage and Labor Supply in Japan

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-474
Author(s):  
Shiho Yukawa
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Japanese Male ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Early Cohort

Abstract Using data from the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers (JPSC) for the period 1994–2007, I examine the effect of childbirth on fathers’ wage rates and labor supply in Japan. I also compare the effects of fatherhood between different cohorts by dividing the JPSC sample into two birth-year cohorts (those born in or before 1960 and those born after 1960). The results show that the birth of children significantly increases hourly wage rates by 2.3% and annual work by 69 hours. Comparing these results to those of studies based in the United States and Germany shows that while the effect of childbirth on the Japanese male labor supply is large, it is relatively small on wage rates. The study also shows that childbirth has different impacts on labor market outcomes for the two cohorts. In the early cohort, the birth of children significantly increases wage rates, but has no significant effect on the labor supply. On the contrary, for the later cohort, the birth of children does not increase wage rates and there is a significant increase in the labor supply. Finally, I examine how the gender difference of children impacts labor market outcomes. Although its impact is not so large, the birth of sons has a larger effect than the birth of daughters.

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