ПолитическаяидентичностьСиро-Христианскогосоциума подвластью хулагуидских Ильханов(XIIIXIVвв.):некоторыенаблюдения

2019 ◽  
pp. 82-105
Author(s):  
T.K. Koraev
Keyword(s):  
Total Absence ◽  
Administrative Functions ◽  
Traditional Elite ◽  
The Status ◽  
Religious Perspectives ◽  
North Iraq ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Euphrates Valley

The article deals with a dramatically turbulent period in the history of Syriac Christianity, encompassing the late 13th and the early 14th centuries that coincided with the establishment, strengthening and collapse of the Mongol rule in Iran and Mesopotamia. The primary focus is on the two Syria communities the Western (Jacobite) and the Eastern (Assyrian) ones inhabiting the territories of modern North Iraq and South Turkey that were at the time one of the hotbeds of Christianity and homeland to numerous Arameic dialects. Unlike its neighbours, even though similar to them from the cultural an religious perspectives (especially the Armenians), the Syriac society showed an almost total absence of any clearcut traditional elite (to say nothing of aristocracy) that could have assumed administrative functions. Under these circumstances the Mongol invasion and the triumph of the Chinggisid rule in the Tigris Euphrates valley contributed to the formation, in the Eastern Syriac milieu, of a quasimonarchical form of administration that of the local princesgovernors (sing. malik, pl. muluk). For centuries to come the status of Malik passed through a long transformation in order to evolve from a bureaucratic figurehead (even notwithstanding the implied monarchial attributes) into a defacto local ruler of a highland community. The process of formation of the Malik rule and the peculiarities of Christian Malik rule in Mesopotamia is analysed through relevant data of the Syriac, Arab and Persian chroniclesСтатья посвящена драматически турбулентному периоду в история сирийского христианства, охватывающая конец 13го и начало 14 века, что совпало с установлением, усилением и крахом монгольского владычества в Иране и Месопотамия. Основное внимание уделяется двум сирийским общинам Западной (Якобитская) и Восточной (Ассирийская) населяющие территорию современного Северного Ирака и юга Турция, которая была в то время одним из очагов христианства и родиной многочисленных арамейских диалектов. В отличие от своих соседей, хотя подобно им с культурной и религиозной точек зрения (особенно армяне), сирийское общество показало почти полное отсутствие какихлибо четких традиционных элит (не говоря уже об аристократии), которые могли бы взять на себя административные функции. В этих условиях монгольское нашествие и триумф правления Чингизидов в долине ТиграЕвфрата способствовало формированию в Восточносирийской среде квазимонархической формы правления, администрация формировалась из местных князейнаместников (единсвт. Малик, множеств. Мулук). На протяжении веков статус Малика проходил через длительную трансформацию чтобы эволюционировать от бюрократического номинального руководителя (даже несмотря на подразумеваемые монархические атрибуты) в дефакто местного правителя. Процесс формирования правила Малика и особенности правление христианина Малика в Месопотамии анализируется с помощью соответствующих данных, взятых из сирийских, арабских и персидских хроник.

scholarly journals Milestones in the History of Pediatric Surgery During the Byzantine Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-128
Author(s):  
Anastasia Oikonomou-Koutsiari ◽  
Georgios Zografos ◽  
Epameinondas Koutsiaris ◽  
Evangelos Menenakos ◽  
Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Surgery ◽  
Medical Specialty ◽  
Major Improvement ◽  
Surgical Disease ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
To Come

During the Byzantine Times, medicine and surgery developed as Greek physicians continued to practice in Constantinople. Healing methods were common for both adults and children, and pediatrics as a medical specialty did not exist. Already Byzantine hospitals became institutions to dispense medical services, rather than shelters for the homeless, which included doctors and nurses for those who suffered from the disease. A major improvement in the status of hospitals as medical centers took place in this period, and physicians were called archiatroi. Several sources prove that archiatroi were still functioning in the late sixth century and long afterward, but now as xenon doctors. Patients were averse to surgery due to the incidence of complications. The hagiographical literature repeated allusions to doctors. Concerns about children with a surgical disease often led parents to seek miraculous healings achieved by Christian Protectors – Saints. This paper is focused on three eminent Byzantine physicians and surgeons, Oribasius, Aetius of Amida, Paul of Aegina, who dealt with pediatric operations and influenced the European Medicine for centuries to come. We studied historical and theological sources in order to present a comprehensive picture of the curative techniques used for pediatric surgical diseases during the Byzantine Times.

Martin Luther in Sweden

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Axel Aurelius
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Thought Patterns ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
To Come ◽  
Swedish History ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the Swedish history of Christian thought there are various interpretations of the Reformation and of Martin Luther and his work. In the 17th century, Luther predominately stood out as an instrument of God’s providence. In the 18th century, among the pietists, he was regarded as a fellow believer, in the 19th century as a hero of history, and in the 20th century during the Swedish so-called Luther Renaissance as a prophet and an interpreter of the Gospel. This does not necessarily mean that the interpretations of Luther merely reflect the various thought patterns of different epochs, that whatever is said about Luther is inevitably captured by the spirit of the time. The serious study of Luther’s writings could also lead to contradictions with common thought patterns and presuppositions. One could say that Luther’s writings have worked as “classics,” not merely confirming the status quo but also generating new patterns of thought and deed, making him something rather different than just a name, a symbol, or a flag, which sometimes have been assumed. And one can only hope that his writings will continue to work in the same way in years to come. Anyway the reception of the Lutheran heritage in Sweden is well worth studying since it in some ways differs from the reception in other Evangelic countries.

Abelard’s Rib: Dialectics of a Twelfth-Century Monastic Marriage and the Historical Epistemology of Spirituality

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-89
Author(s):  
Babette S. Hellemans
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
Peter Abelard ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Worship ◽  
To Come ◽  
Marital Love ◽  
The One

This article proposes to describe the oxymoronic aspect of twelfth-century ascetic life, as it is couched in the semantics of marital ‘love-talk.’ By extending Christian asceticism to the field of marital semantics, I hope to come closer to a more intellectual kind of spirituality, situated in the philosophical discourse of the ars dialectica. While it is commonplace to state that affective speech in the twelfth century is a constitutive element of Western ‘spirituality’—up to the point that this period is sometimes credited with being the founder of an individual love-talk—the nature of a ‘matrimonial’ love-speech firmly located within monastic walls is far from self-evident. Furthermore, there is the issue of physical desire in both Christian worship (hymns, liturgy) and reflective, religious language. This ‘incarnation’ of love inside the history of Christianity was coined by the twelfth-century reformer and intellectual Bernard of Clairvaux in the most tangible terms possible, especially in his Sermons on the Song of Songs and in his devotional texts on Mary. However, it is not a broad claim with regard to the status of ‘spirituality’ within history that dominates the present article. If anything, this contribution could be characterized as exploring the opposite of the common semantics of spirituality: the argumentative and dialectical speech on the one hand and the fragility of poetry on the other, glooming beneath the surface of a meandering Christian tradition. My analysis of the work of Peter Abelard (1079–1142)—a fierce opponent of Bernard—will demonstrate a rather radical view of ‘spirituality’ as a sometimes veiled (integementum) and sometimes shattered specimen of medieval love-talk.

The Proclaiming of treaties in the United States

1936 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79
Author(s):  
Henby Reiff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
British Government ◽  
Usual Form ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Domestic Law

The recent case of Factor v. Laubenheimer raised several interesting questions with regard to the date of effectiveness of the extradition treaty between the United States and Great Britain, signed at London, December 22,1931, and the effect, if any, of the President’s proclamation of the treaty upon its status as law of the land of the United States. Article 18 of the treaty provided that it was to “come into force ten days after its publication, in conformity with the forms prescribed by the laws of the high contracting parties.” Ratifications were exchanged at London, August 4,1932; the President issued a proclamation in the usual form containing the treaty, as of the date August 9,1932; but the British Government withheld the issuance of an Order-in-Council containing the treaty, apparently to avoid affecting the result in the Factor Case. Counsel for the petitioner argued that the treaty was in force, but the Supreme Court, without going into the merits of the contention, followed the State Department, which appeared not to have recognized the treaty as in force in either country. The court, after examining the terms of the 1931 agreement found that even if it had come into effect as contended it would not have abated the pending proceedings. In several previous cases incidentally involving Presidential proclamations of treaties, the court has also been able to dispose of the principal issues raised without pronouncing upon the status and effect of such proclamations. On some future occasion, perhaps, the court may find it necessary to rule squarely upon the relation of the President’s proclamation of an international agreement to its status in domestic law. The present discussion is devoted to an examination of that relation, which includes the date of effectiveness of a treaty; the history of the use of the proclamation; and the effect of the proclamation upon the status of the treaty as law of the land.

The Loyal Republic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Mathisen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Mississippi Valley ◽  
National Citizenship ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Bundle Of Rights

This is the story of how Americans attempted to define what it meant to be a citizen of the United States, at a moment of fracture in the republic's history. As Erik Mathisen demonstrates, prior to the Civil War, American national citizenship amounted to little more than a vague bundle of rights. But during the conflict, citizenship was transformed. Ideas about loyalty emerged as a key to citizenship, and this change presented opportunities and profound challenges aplenty. Confederate citizens would be forced to explain away their act of treason, while African Americans would use their wartime loyalty to the Union as leverage to secure the status of citizens during Reconstruction. In The Loyal Republic, Mathisen sheds new light on the Civil War, American emancipation, and a process in which Americans came to a new relationship with the modern state. Using the Mississippi Valley as his primary focus and charting a history that traverses both sides of the battlefield, Mathisen offers a striking new history of the Civil War and its aftermath, one that ushered in nothing less than a revolution in the meaning of citizenship in the United States.

Injury Research: Where Should We Go From Here?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
FREDERICK P. RIVARA ◽  
MARSHA E. WOLF
Keyword(s):  
Research Field ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Formal Organization ◽  
Blue Ribbon ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Blue Ribbon Panel ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
And Control

The injury research field is beginning to come of age. There now exists a formal organization within the federal government for injury research (the Division of Injury Epidemiology and Control of the Centers for Disease Control), growing funding by federal and private foundations, and an increasing body of literature (199 articles since 1986). A blue ribbon panel has issued a report on the status of the injury problem and outlined areas for research. Little attention, however, has been paid to the type of research studies that are needed. The history of the injury field has been marked by studies that are nearly all of the same type-descriptive epidemiology.

A contribution to the seismic history of Missouri*

1941 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross R. Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Regional Study ◽  
Yearly Average ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Madrid Earthquakes ◽  
Misleading Interpretation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Detailed Work ◽  
Fault Region ◽  
New Madrid

Abstract The status of Missouri as a state which contains active seismic areas has been a subject for speculation ever since the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Local seismic research, however, was slow in starting, owing principally to the lack of available instruments to supply data sufficiently accurate for detailed work. Two events which gave great impetus to the progress of Missouri earthquake study were, first, the installation of the seismograph at St. Louis University in 1909, and second, the inauguration of the definite regional study plan which was proposed by Father Macelwane in 1925. The various stages in the development of regional earthquake study in Missouri have influenced the availability of data on the historical sequence of Missouri earthquakes. This paper, which is offered as a contribution to the seismic history of Missouri, reflects somewhat the growth of interest in local tremors. This growth, as shown by the increase in sources of data in the more recent years, is emphasized in order to avoid the misleading interpretation that the seismicity of Missouri is increasing. It is shown that although tabulation of the earthquakes, recorded by years, showed an increase in the yearly average from 0.6 in 1911 to 4.0 for the years 1930-1939, the latter figure seems the more nearly correct, and the former may be somewhat low owing to the incomplete data for the first half century following the New Madrid disaster. The earthquakes which have been felt in Missouri or which may possibly have been felt are listed by years, together with as many of the pertinent details as are available or space permits. By an examination of this list of shocks it can be seen that most of the earthquakes which have been felt in Missouri originate in more or less definite seismic districts. Six such districts are suggested for Missouri and they are called because of their locations the New Madrid, St. Marys, St. Louis, Hannibal, Springfield, and Northwestern Missouri seismic districts. Some of the earthquakes which have been felt in Missouri have apparently originated from seismic areas outside of the state boundaries. Four of these out-of-state areas are recognized, namely, the Centralia and Harrisburg districts in Illinois, the Anna, Ohio, region, and the Kansas-Nebraska Nemaha belt. It is shown that nearly 85 per cent of all the seismic activity of Missouri origin comes from two seismic areas: about 60 per cent from the New Madrid area, and about 25 per cent from the St. Marys fault region. A tabulation of the earthquakes by intensities indicates that most of the earthquakes of strong intensities also seem to come from the southeastern Mossouri area although only about 7 ½ per cent of the total of earthquakes recorded since 1816 have been strong enough to endanger life.

The status of Gideon Mantell's “first” Iguanodon tooth in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN C. YALDWYN ◽  
GARRY J. TEE ◽  
ALAN P. MASON
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Charles Lyell ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gideon Mantell

A worn Iguanodon tooth from Cuckfield, Sussex, illustrated by Mantell in 1827, 1839, 1848 and 1851, was labelled by Mantell as the first tooth sent to Baron Cuvier in 1823 and acknowledged as such by Sir Charles Lyell. The labelled tooth was taken to New Zealand by Gideon's son Walter in 1859. It was deposited in a forerunner of the Museum of New Zealand, Wellington in 1865 and is still in the Museum, mounted on a card bearing annotations by both Gideon Mantell and Lyell. The history of the Gideon and Walter Mantell collection in the Museum of New Zealand is outlined, and the Iguanodon tooth and its labels are described and illustrated. This is the very tooth which Baron Cuvier first identified as a rhinoceros incisor on the evening of 28 June 1823.

The European Charter of Local Self-Government

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Himsworth
Keyword(s):  
Critical Study ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
International Treaty ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regional Authorities

The first critical study of the 1985 international treaty that guarantees the status of local self-government (local autonomy). Chris Himsworth analyses the text of the 1985 European Charter of Local Self-Government and its Additional Protocol; traces the Charter’s historical emergence; and explains how it has been applied and interpreted, especially in a process of monitoring/treaty enforcement by the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities but also in domestic courts, throughout Europe. Locating the Charter’s own history within the broader recent history of the Council of Europe and the European Union, the book closes with an assessment of the Charter’s future prospects.

A Universe of Societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Debaise
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.

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