scholarly journals Poradziecka oligarchizacja Ukrainy i Białorusi: procesy, mechanizmy, perspektywy

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-65
Author(s):  
Maxim Rust
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Systemic Transformation ◽  
Eastern European Countries

In Eastern European countries, the issue of the oligarchisation of the political system is one of the most important factors influencing the process of systemic transformation. In Ukraine, the phenomenon of oligarchisation took on the classic post-Soviet form of influencing the political elite. In Belarus, its importance is smaller and of a different character. When analysing the dynamics of the socio-political development of both republics after 1991, the vision of Ukraine without oligarchs, or inversely – Belarus with the established oligarchic system is not so obvious. The main goal of this article is to compare and evaluate the reforms and socio-political changes in Belarus and Ukraine in the context of the role played by the oligarchisation of these countries.

Patoĉka's Interpretation of Comenius and Its Significance for Present-Day Pedagogics

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 617-631
Author(s):  
Klaus Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political System ◽  
Philosophy Of Education ◽  
Martin Buber ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Theory Of Education ◽  
The World ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The ArgumentThe political changes in Czechoslovakia and in other Eastern European countries in 1989 are closely related to Jan Patoĉka's philosophy. He was one of the first speakers for the human rights manifesto “Charta 77” and died following his political interrogations in 1978. Vàclav Havel, the president of the ĉSFR, was one of his students. Patoĉka's philosophy is sketched here following his interpretation of Comenius, beginning with an early work of 1932 and until his interpretation of Comenius' The Paradise of the World and the Labyrinth of the Heart in his book Die Philosophic der Erziehung des J. A. Comenius (1970) (J. A. Comenius' Philosophy of Education).As a phenomenologist who transcends both Husserl and Heidegger, Patoĉka's conflict with the political system of his country was inevitable. The regime could not put up with his thesis on the “open soul” which, due to its existential openness, can hear the “call of conscience.” Behind this thesis stands Patocka's teaching of the three movements of existence. And out of this follows his “Education of the Turning.” Patoĉka's theory of education leads straight to some nondogmatic conceptions of education such as the “Communication Pedagogics” which dates back to the dialogical education of Martin Buber.

scholarly journals Determinants of crowdfunding success in central and eastern European countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Marija Šimić Šarić
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Project Success ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Success Factor ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Project Duration ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Eastern European Countries

As an alternative way of financing, crowdfunding has been growing rapidly since the last financial crisis in 2008. The number of launched projects has increased, but the number of successful projects remains low. Little is known about what leads to success in this field, especially in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries where the determinants of crowdfunding campaign success for projects are not identified. Therefore, the article focuses on identifying determinants of crowdfunding campaign success for projects from CEE countries. Based on the dataset from Kickstarter, consisting of 473 projects from CEE countries, I examine factors influencing the probability of project success. The analyzed sample of projects shows that the number of backers and mean contribution are positively correlated with the probability of campaign success, while a higher project goal lowers the probability of success. Project duration is not a statistically significant success factor.

scholarly journals Niemiecka droga do demokracji i gospodarki rynkowej jako przykład dla państw Europy Wschodniej

2017 ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Martin Dahl
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Political System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
World War ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Democratic Political System

The German experience with democracy and the market economy can be particularly valuable for other European countries for at least two reasons. Firstly, after World War II, the Germans effectively and permanently managed to enter the democratic political system based on the market economy. Initially, the economy was implemented only in the western part of the country and since 1990 all over the country. Secondly, after the collapse of the former Soviet bloc, Central European countries greatly benefited from German political solutions. This means that in favourable conditions, these experiences can be a valuable source of inspiration for other countries, especially those in Eastern Europe.This study is a result of research conducted in 2016 as part of the project ‘Germany and Russia in a multipolar international order. Strategic vision and potential alliances’ with the support of the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation. It consists of four parts. Part I is an introduction to the issues analysed. Part II shows the genesis and characteristics of the democratic political system of Germany. Part III contains an analysis of the German experience with the implementation of the market economy. In Part IV, the author presents his conclusions of how and to what extent Eastern European countries can use the German experience in reforming their political systems and what conditions they would have to meet.

Translation channels

Target ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Popa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
International Circulation ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Focusing on a comparative analysis of the translations in French of literary works from four Eastern European countries (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania) during the communist period, this article examines the political stakes of the international circulation of literary texts. More precisely, it proposes a model for describing the different modalities of international circulation—referred to here as translation channels—based on the statistical analysis of a relevant set of variables. These channels allow us to present a gradation of the degree of politicization and institutionalization of the literary transfer, and to go well beyond an analysis in terms of the undifferentiated flow of imported books or the simple opposition of authorized vs. unauthorized translations or submissive vs. dissenting writers.

scholarly journals Features of the Political Development of Iraq in 2003—2020: the Formation of a New Elite

2021 ◽  
pp. 357-370
Author(s):  
R. Sh. Mamedov ◽  
M. A. Sapronova
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Important Criterion ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Opposition Movements ◽  
Elite Formation

The features of recruiting the political elite of Iraq after the overthrow of the regime of President Saddam Hussein in 2003 are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the processes of elite formation in the Middle East during the period of regional transformations. The key mechanisms and principles of the formation of the Iraqi political elite within the framework of the emerging post-Saddam political system have been identified. It is shown that the political leaders who came into power with the support of the Americans until 2003 were the “counter-elite” of S. Hussein, therefore participation in the opposition movements became an important criterion for recruiting. Special attention is paid to the informal (traditional) principles of recruiting the new elite, which have become the main mechanism of this process. In particular, the following principles are described: “muhassasa taifiyya”, which assumes the distribution of political positions in accordance with the share of ethno-confessional groups in the general population, clan solidarity, and religious institutions. It is emphasized that the role of Shiite religious structures, including spiritual leaders, and their influence on the formation of the political elite have significantly increased compared to the pre-occupation period.

Factors influencing restaurant tipping behaviour – the case of Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Kowalczuk ◽  
Jerzy Gębski
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Food Services ◽  
Content Type ◽  
East European ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Average Size

Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the literature that discusses consumer tipping behaviour in eating establishments. Because there is no detailed research into this issue with regard to consumers in Central and East European countries, the authors conducted research aimed at learning about the tipping behaviour of the Poles. Design/methodology/approach This study was carried out in 2018, using the computer-assisted web interviewing method, for a sample of 1,000 people. Six research questions were asked: How often the Poles give tips in eating establishments? What is an average size of a tip? What determinants influence the frequency and magnitude of tips? Who is likely to give a tip every one to two visits? Who is likely to tip more than the standard 10%? What influences the reasons why Polish consumers tend to tip? Findings The findings show the strong relationships between both a consumers’ tipping frequency and magnitude and the frequency at which these consumers eat out. This study also implicates income and education as essential factors influencing tipping behaviour and the lack of gender effect on consumers’ decision to tip. It was also noticed that such reasons as the quality of service, a taste of the dishes and a belief that it is proper to tip have a significant impact on the frequency of giving the tips. A significant diversity of the reasons’ meaning for tipping among Polish consumers depending upon their age was also stated. Research limitations/implications It would be interesting to compare the results of the current study with studies concerning consumer tipping behaviours in other Central and Eastern European countries historically and culturally similar to Poland to investigate whether the specifics of tipping behaviour noticed in Poland apply elsewhere. Originality/value This study shows the specifics of Polish people’s tipping behaviour and partially fulfills the gap in the knowledge of this aspect of consumers’ from Central and Eastern Europe behaviour. The obtained results suggest that with the increasing incomes and the widespread use of food services, tipping is likely to become more common in Poland. Furthermore, the pragmatic reasons for tipping will become more important than social and psychological motivators.

scholarly journals The role of labour market experiences in the social and political integration of first and second-generation Non-Western and Eastern European immigrants in Ireland

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Turner ◽  
Christine Cross
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
First And Second Generation

AbstractThe increase in the number of immigrants in Europe in recent decades has been accompanied by a rise in anti-immigrant sentiment and a growth in support for far-right political parties in Europe. A key element for ant-immigrant sentiment is the assumed lack of attachment and commitment of immigrants to the institutions, values and national identity of the host country. While a considerable body of studies have focused on the political and social assimilation of immigrants into European countries, the possible influence of Irish labour market experiences of first and second generation immigrants from non-western countries and Eastern European countries remains an under-researched area in th e literature. Combining five waves of the European Social Survey we test the proposition that the labour market experiences of first and second-generation immigrants from non-western countries and Eastern European countries are a factor affecting the extent of political and social assimilation into the host country. Our findings indicate that first-generation immigrants’ attachment to the political institutions of the host country are likely influenced more by a comparison with conditions in their country of origin rather than how they fare in labour market of the host country.

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