Explicit and Implicit Assumptions in Noam Chomsky's Theory of Language

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Derra

The author identifies selected implicit or not fully explicit assumptions made by Noam Chomsky in his theory of language. Through a careful examination of Chomsky's work, she aims to present the solutions this linguist proposes with respect to two fundamental questions: the question of methodology and the question of the ontological status of language. After reviewing the central theses of Chomsky's theory in the first part of the paper, she turns to the question that is mentioned in the title of this paper, that is, the reservations regarding the assumptions underlying Chomsky's work.

Author(s):  
Lila Gleitman

This book collects the most significant papers written by Lila R. Gleitman, spanning 50 years of research on language and its acquisition. The book traces the roots of developmental psycholinguistics while presenting empirically driven arguments in favor of a rationalist theory of language acquisition. Gleitman’s work simultaneously shows how learners acquire knowledge richer than what can be found in the environment and how they use their input to acquire a specific language. The book also includes a foreword by Noam Chomsky and an introductory chapter by Jeffrey Lidz contextualizing Gleitman’s work in the transition from structuralism to mentalist architectures in linguistics.


2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Daniel Luporini de Faria

No presente artigo, pretende-se expor e analisar as críticas que Noam Chomsky (2000) dirige contra o materialismo em filosofia da mente. Para o referido autor, a rigor, não faria sentido questionar o estatuto ontológico da mente, na medida em que os próprios físicos e filósofos materialistas desconhecem 90% da matéria que constitui o universo (a matéria e energia escuras). Deste modo, Chomsky dirá que no tempo de Descartes, da filosofia mecânica, o que se fazia era ciência normal, ao passo que após o advento das ideias de Newton, o universo passa a ser antimaterialista. O presente trabalho pode ser útil/valioso à filosofia e história das ciências naturais, à física e à filosofia da mente. Palavras-chave: Materialismo; Matéria Escura; Filosofia Mecânica.   Abstract The aim of this paper is to expose and analyze Noam Chomsky’s criticisms against materialism in philosophy of mind. For this author, strictly speaking, questioning the ontological status of the mind would not make sense, considering that the materialistic physicists and philosophers themselves are unaware of 90% of the matter that constitutes the universe (dark matter and energy). Accordingly, Chomsky will say that in Descartes’ time, or in times of mechanical philosophy, what was done was normal science, while after the advent of Newton's ideas the universe becomes anti-materialist. This paper can be useful/valuable to philosophy and history of natural sciences, physics and philosophy of mind. Keywords: Materialism; Dark Matter; Mechanical Philosophy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-180
Author(s):  
Nurul Khasanah

Language is the main characteristic that distinguishes humans from other creatures, with that language interacting and communicating. One theory of language acquisition and learning regarding language as a human trait is the generative transformative theory Noam Chomsky states that language is the innate potential possessed by humans from birth. Based on the theory, this study aims to analyze the innate potential of human language as a reference in the development of Arabic language learning, taking into account the innate potential of the language that is already possessed by students. It is expected that the potential of the language can be utilized and developed optimally in the process of learning Arabic. his study uses descriptive analysis method, and the conclusions obtained based on this research are curriculum design in Arabic language learning based on Chomsky Innate theory, namely students do not have to be given intensive training, students are given a broad opportunity to create speeches, the rules are given as long as it is needed, students are deployed to real situations in the communication process. Abstrak Bahasa merupakan ciri utama yang membedakan manusia dengan makhluk lainnya, dengan bahasa manusia berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi. Salah satu teori pemerolehan dan pembelajaran bahasa yang berkenaan bahasa sebagai ciri bawaan manusia adalah teori transformatif generatifnya Noam Chomsky yang menyatakan bahwa bahasa merupakan potensi bawaan yang dimiliki manusia sejak lahir. Berdasarkan teori tersebut penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi bawaan bahasa manusia sebagai acuan dalam  pengembangan pembelajaran bahasa Arab, dengan memperhatikan potensi bawaan bahasa yang sudah dimiliki oleh peserta didik diharapkan potensi bahasa tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan dan dikembangkan secara optimal dalam proses pembelajaran bahasa Arab. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif, dan kesimpulan yang didapatkan berdasarkan penelitian ini berupa desain kurikulum pembelajaran bahasa Arab berdasarkan teori Innate Chomsky yaitu peserta didik tidak harus selalu diberi latihan (drill) secara intensif, siswa diberi kesempatan yang luas untuk mengkreasikan ujaran, kaidah nahwu diberikan selama hal tersebut diperlukan, siswa diterjunkan kedalam situasi nyata dalam proses komunikasi. Kata Kunci: Bahasa Arab, Kurikulum, Potensi, Trasnformatif-generatif


2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1092
Author(s):  
Norman Roland Madarasz ◽  
Daniel Peres Santos

One of the constants in Noam Chomsky’s philosophical, linguistic and ethical positions is the existence of what he calls “human nature”. Following Marx, Darwin and last century’s revolutions in the social sciences, human nature has been one of the most contested conceptual holdovers from modern European philosophy. Chomsky’s discoveries and models on syntax and language make up one of the frameworks to most critically offset the traditional moral dimension of human nature. Contrary to most traditions prior to his work, language can no longer be restricted to either mind, soul or spirit. Language, as Chomsky has continually upheld and sharply refined, is a physical and biological process. But how his notion of human nature derives from this process is complex, as he seems to disregard philosophy’s classic analytic delineation between the descriptive causal realm of human nature and the normative axiological extensions of the same concept. In this paper, we seek to examine the philosophical and ontological implications of Chomsky’s claim that human nature derives from the innate dimension of the language faculty. Not only does Chomsky maintain the category of human nature, he also indexes it to the question of freedom. We thereby argue for the coherence of his proposal and show how it operates to weld the perspective of a modal theory of biologically-rooted creativity to innate conditions specific to his theory of language generation. However, we question whether its restriction to humans alone is sustainable from a scientific perspective by putting forth the claim that Chomsky’s science is in fact a radical ontology of social subjectivation. *** O conceito de natureza humana em Noam Chomsky ***Uma das constantes no posicionamento filosófico, linguístico e ético de Noam Chomsky é a existência do que ele chama de “natureza humana”. Seguindo Marx, Darwin e as revoluções do último século nas ciências sociais, a natureza humana tem sido um dos remanescentes conceituais mais contestados da filosofia moderna europeia. As descobertas e os modelos de Chomsky sobre a sintaxe e a linguagem, configuram um dos quadros que mais objeta criticamente a tradicional dimensão moral da natureza humana. Contrária à maioria das tradições anteriores ao seu trabalho, a linguagem não pode mais ser restringida à mente, alma ou ao espírito. Linguagem, como Chomsky tem constantemente defendido e fortemente aperfeiçoado, é um processo físico e biológico. Mas a maneira que sua noção de natureza humana deriva desse processo é complexa, pois ele parece desconsiderar a clássica delineação analítica da filosofia, entre o reino casual descritivo da natureza humana e as extensões axiológico-normativas do mesmo conceito. Neste artigo, nós procuramos examinar as implicações filosóficas e ontológicas da afirmação de Chomsky à qual a natureza humana deriva da dimensão inata da faculdade da linguagem. Chomsky, não só mantém a categoria da natureza humana, como também a indexa à questão da liberdade. Nós, portanto, argumentamos em favor da coerência de sua proposta e mostramos como ela opera para soldar a perspectiva de uma teoria modal da criatividade biologicamente enraizada, com condições inatas específicas de sua teoria da linguagem gerativa. Entretanto, nós questionamos se a restrição dessa somente aos humanos é sustentável a partir de uma perspectiva científica, ao apresentarmos a afirmação de que a ciência de Chomsky é na verdade uma ontologia radical de subjetivação social.Palavras-chave: Chomsky, Noam; natureza humana; faculdade de linguagem; programa biolinguístico; decodificando Chomsky; liberdade.


2019 ◽  
pp. 341-382
Author(s):  
Ada Bronowski

This chapter focuses on the katēgorēma. It examines its relational nature as that which is always attributed to something else, showing that the katēgorēma is at the heart of a nuclear relation cementing the unity of every state-of-affairs in reality. Everything in reality is part of at least one relation of attribution, and therefore holds true of it, and of many which are false. The further claim is put forward that all katēgorēmata are already embedded within an axiōma in such a way that there are no incomplete lekta in reality. Incompleteness is put down to a question of language and different degrees of success in expressing what there is in reality to say. The infinitival and conjugated forms of the verbs are thus expressive only insofar as a complete lekton in reality is thereby, however partially, picked out. This introduces the question of the limits of a given language and whether translation is possible because the flexibility of one language is not paralleled in another. Three things are ‘yoked together’: the expression, the lekton, and the tunchanon, the last being an odd term for an even odder item: half and half between the case-ptōsis and the external object. This hybrid status, it is argued, results from the overlap between the ontological status of a lekton as subsisting or obtaining, and its subsequently being true or false.


Author(s):  
L. A. Bendersky ◽  
W. J. Boettinger

Rapid solidification produces a wide variety of sub-micron scale microstructure. Generally, the microstructure depends on the imposed melt undercooling and heat extraction rate. The microstructure can vary strongly not only due to processing parameters changes but also during the process itself, as a result of recalescence. Hence, careful examination of different locations in rapidly solidified products should be performed. Additionally, post-solidification solid-state reactions can alter the microstructure.The objective of the present work is to demonstrate the strong microstructural changes in different regions of melt-spun ribbon for three different alloys. The locations of the analyzed structures were near the wheel side (W) and near the center (C) of the ribbons. The TEM specimens were prepared by selective electropolishing or ion milling.


Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Mehmet Sarikaya ◽  
Ilhan A. Aksay

Ultrafine particles usually have unique physical properties. This study illustrates how the lattice defects and interfacial structures between particles are related to the size of ultrafine crystalline gold particles.Colloidal gold particles were produced by reducing gold chloride with sodium citrate at 100°C. In this process, particle size can be controlled by changing the concentration of the reactant. TEM samples are prepared by transferring a small amount of solution onto a thin (5 nm) carbon film which is suspended on a copper grid. In this work, all experiments were performed with Philips 430T at 300 kV.With controlled seeded growth, particles of different sizes are produced, as shown in Figure 1. By a careful examination, it can be resolved that very small particles have lattice defects with complex interfaces. Some typical particle structures include multiple twins, resulting in a five-fold symmetry bicrystals, and highly disordered regions. Many particles are too complex to be described by simple models.


Author(s):  
Charles Ellis ◽  
Molly Jacobs

Health disparities have once again moved to the forefront of America's consciousness with the recent significant observation of dramatically higher death rates among African Americans with COVID-19 when compared to White Americans. Health disparities have a long history in the United States, yet little consideration has been given to their impact on the clinical outcomes in the rehabilitative health professions such as speech-language pathology/audiology (SLP/A). Consequently, it is unclear how the absence of a careful examination of health disparities in fields like SLP/A impacts the clinical outcomes desired or achieved. The purpose of this tutorial is to examine the issue of health disparities in relationship to SLP/A. This tutorial includes operational definitions related to health disparities and a review of the social determinants of health that are the underlying cause of such disparities. The tutorial concludes with a discussion of potential directions for the study of health disparities in SLP/A to identify strategies to close the disparity gap in health-related outcomes that currently exists.


1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-433
Author(s):  
HERBERT H. CLARK
Keyword(s):  

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