scholarly journals Introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Januszek-Sieradzka ◽  
Janusz Smołucha

Like the earlier issue of the Yearbook, this one also consists of two major parts. The first is devoted to the cultural and intellectual climate of the courts of queens in medieval and modern Europe. At the beginning of the 2000s, comments made in Polish historiography that we know little about the queens and their role in the state, or about their environment, and that the structures of the courts of Polish duchesses and queens remain outside the mainstream of research, were by all means correct. Over the past twenty years, however, the subject of the courts of Polish queens in the Middle Ages and in the modern era has gained a group of scholars who have increasingly went beyond structural and interpersonal studies, and in Polish studies, the current of queenship, which is part of this problem and which has enjoyed a noticeable popularity in Western historiographies, is more and more visible.

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 275-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Maclean

AbstractThis article studies the advances made in the logic of Renaissance physiognomy from the state of the subject in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The properties and accidents of the human body are investigated in the context of the signs selected by physiognomers, whether univocal or in syndromes, strong or weak in character, negative or positive, consistent with each other or contradictory. When these signs are translated into propositions, the construction of argument which flows from them is shown to ut plurimum reasoning, in which an element of quasi-mathematical proto-probability and hermeneutical thinking (in the treatment of ambiguity and obscurity) may be detected. These allow the question "is x more likely to be the case than y or z?" to be answered through a variety of procedures. Renaissance physiognomy is shown to be a discipline in which a novel combination of rational procedures come together, and a site of conceptual change in respect of property and accidence.


Traditio ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 281-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaines Post

In an excellent article, ‘Pro patria mori in Medieval Political Thought,’ Ernst H. Kantorowicz has recently called attention to the importance of the concept of patria in the rise of the national monarchy and state in the later Middle Ages. No correction is needed, nor, perhaps, any addition. But since he modestly admits that he did not mean to exhaust the subject and does not examine the two laws, and since I had begun to note occasional remarks in the canonists and legists about the patria in association with theories of public law and the state, I wish to add some illustrations of the legal thought on the subject in the twelfth to fourteenth centuries. These illustrations will supplement, moreover, the essay by Halvdan Koht on nationalism in the Middle Ages.


Author(s):  
Joana Gomes ◽  
Vitor Guerreiro

RESUMO: No século XX, fenómenos como a arte de massas - em particular o cinema - surgem concomitantemente a novas formas de relação entre poder político, ideologia, arte e estética. Com a Revolução Russa de 1917, e, mais tarde, os regimes fascistas que se espalham pela Europa, a alternância entre a experimentação estética arrojada e o arregimentar da arte à propaganda tornam-se realidades que, de um ou outro modo, impõem aos artistas alguma forma de posicionamento. Neste processo, é frequente as representações do passado servirem para possibilitar um certo discurso acerca do presente, sobretudo quando as representações directas deste se tornam «politicamente problemáticas» (i.e. perigosas). Tal é o que sucede com o próprio conceito de Idade Média, desde a sua origem. Este artigo pretende justamente explorar o modo como as representações cinematográficas da Idade Média servem diferentemente de veículo à de expressão de concepções estéticas, artísticas e políticas em dois filmes produzidos em países do ex-bloco socialista, onde as tensões e alternâncias de que falamos se tornam, mais do que uma questão meramente teórica, uma questão de sobrevivência: Alexander Nevsky de Serguei Eisenstein (1938) e Márketa Lazarová de František Vláčil (1967). ABSTRACT: In the 20th century, phenomena like that of mass art – particularly cinema – emerge in tandem with new forms of relationship between political power, ideology, art and aesthetics. With the Russian Revolution of 1917, and, later, with the spread of fascist regimes across Europe, alternating between bold aesthetic experimentation and the use of art as propaganda become factors that compel artists, in one way or another, to take some sort of stand. In this process, representations of the past are often employed so as to make it possible to speak about the present, especially when direct portrayal of the latter becomes ‘politically problematic’ (i.e. dangerous). Such is also the case with the concept of ‘middle ages’ itself, from its inception. Our aim in this paper is precisely to explore how representations of the middle ages serve, in different ways, as a vehicle for the expression of aesthetic and political views, in two films made in countries of the former socialist bloc, where the tensions and shifting pressures we mentioned become, more than a purely theoretical issue, a matter of survival: Sergei Einsenstein’s Alexander Nevsky (1938) and František Vláčil’s Márketa Lazarová (1967).


Author(s):  
Levi Roach

This book takes a fresh look at documentary forgery and historical memory in the Middle Ages. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, religious houses across Europe began falsifying texts to improve local documentary records on an unprecedented scale. As the book illustrates, the resulting wave of forgery signaled major shifts in society and political culture, shifts which would lay the foundations for the European ancien régime. Spanning documentary traditions across France, England, Germany and northern Italy, the book examines five sets of falsified texts to demonstrate how forged records produced in this period gave voice to new collective identities within and beyond the Church. Above all, the book indicates how this fad for falsification points to new attitudes toward past and present — a developing fascination with the signs of antiquity. These conclusions revise traditional master narratives about the development of antiquarianism in the modern era, showing that medieval forgers were every bit as sophisticated as their Renaissance successors. Medieval forgers were simply interested in different subjects — the history of the Church and their local realms, rather than the literary world of classical antiquity. As a comparative history of falsified records at a crucial turning point in the Middle Ages, the book offers valuable insights into how institutions and individuals rewrote and reimagined the past.


Art History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Palazzo

In the past decade, research on the relationship between art and liturgy in the Middle Ages has taken a historical approach, after some seminal publications in the past. This approach is basic to any serious study of the subject, but most researchers go beyond that, often with a new awareness of the artistic material itself and a full reintegration of theology, combining it with a social-historical understanding of the liturgy. Research trends in this area have been largely “globalized” as a result of new information technologies given today by many databases on images, texts, and incipits. Despite this, one should not assume that a standardization of thought exists. In some countries, specific historiographical trends are still strong. The definition of medieval liturgy has undergone some changes in recent years as well. It went from a historical-anthropological conception, influenced by a theoretical approach in different fields of humanities, to a conception that has reintegrated theology into the heart of the subject without rejecting its historical and anthropological aspects. This has mainly been possible thanks to a perfected knowledge of the sources of the liturgy and its theology. A renewed approach to certain types of sources of medieval liturgy, such as liturgical commentaries—that is to say, exegesis on the liturgy—has also facilitated the inclusion of subjects previously absent, such as dance performance in church ritual. In the field of Christian theology, recent publications have also helped in understanding the liturgy in a historical perspective and have gradually left behind a doctrinal and dogmatic approach to medieval theology in favor of a return to the realm of historical “reality.” Recent publications dealing with the practice of the liturgy and its theological interpretation focus, above all, on the human experience of the divine, something that allows for a kind of interaction between texts and real life. In this way, medieval liturgy acts as a kind of theological exegesis, encouraging humankind to experience biblical events anew. This leads to an “existential reading” of scripture and an involvement on a personal level that implies a strong sense of spirituality. One of the major effects of this conception of liturgy informed by an experience-based theology has been reconsideration of the material dimension of ritual as activated by the human sensory experience during the execution of the liturgical ceremony. This innovative methodological and epistemological understanding of the sensory experience of liturgy and theology through art has produced the richest research. The sensory experience of the liturgy must be seen in light of a similar understanding of beauty and aesthetics during Antiquity. Likewise, this new approach, which sees art and liturgy as based on the experience of artistic materiality (and even archaeology), is echoed in the research of specialists from periods other than the Middle Ages.


2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-473
Author(s):  
MICHAEL BENTLEY

ABSTRACTAlthough Henry Hallam (1777–1859) is best known for his Constitutional History of England (1827) and as a founder of ‘whig’ history, to situate him primarily as a mere critic of David Hume or as an apprentice to Thomas Babington Macaulay does him a disservice. He wrote four substantial books of which the first, his View of the state of Europe during the middle ages (1818), deserves to be seen as the most important; and his correspondence shows him to have been integrated into the contemporary intelligentsia in ways that imply more than the Whig acolyte customarily portrayed by commentators. This article re-situates Hallam by thinking across both time and space and depicts a significant historian whose filiations reached to Europe and North America. It proposes that Hallam did not originate the whig interpretation of history but rather that he created a sense of the past resting on law and science which would be reasserted in the age of Darwin.


Arts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ángeles Jordano

In the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era, Hernan Ruiz I worked as master builder of the Cathedral of Cordoba. His works exemplify the adoption of an artistic language resulting from the symbiosis of Gothic, Renaissance and Islamic formulas. In this paper, we demonstrate the imprint of the Andalusi aesthetic in this master’s work. Through an analysis of his building works and the evolution of his style, we show that Hernan Ruiz I’s legacy is more important than what historiography has previously suggested, which has only addressed the transition in his architectural style from Gothic to Renaissance and has overlooked the impact of Andalusi formulas in his work. Hernan Ruiz I bore witness to an important change in the mentality and aesthetic tastes of his time, and although his son, Hernan Ruiz II, gained greater recognition for his work, his father was able to adapt a church model imbued with the medieval spirit to the demands of the new patrons, namely the nobility and high clergy. These clients imposed their tastes, which were anchored in the past, but were open to new Renaissance influences due to their humanistic training and, at the same time, attracted by the exoticism and prestige of Andalusi art.


Author(s):  
Ana Margarida Vaz ◽  
Javier Ibáñez Fernández

The uninterrupted circulation of artists, works and models from one side to the other of the Pyrenees throughout the Middle Ages and most part of the Modern Age, and the dynamic and dialectic relationships generated by these flows both in their places of origin and in the receiving places finally allowed the appearance of extremely rich and interesting phenomena. These episodes, result of multiple contributions, interactions and transfers, not only don’t reflect the geography of the nations of modern Europe, but also don’t seem to follow the usual stylistic taxonomies and periodizations. Trying to transcend all these coordinates, we aim to analyse the phenomenon whose protagonists were the stonemasons and cravers who crossed the Pyrenees in order to work in the Iberian Peninsula throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, paying special attention to how it was perceived by the ones who witnessed its genesis and evolution.


1976 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Theilmann

Richard II, one of the most puzzling kings of late medieval England, has been the subject of controversy ever since his forced abdication in 1399. He often has been portrayed as a tyrant or, at times, as a madman by historians. Recently the trend is toward a reassessment of Richard's reign free from the biased Whig interpretation of the past. R. H. Jones took a first step in that direction in 1968 with the publication of The Royal Policy of Richard II: Absolutism in the Middle Ages. Jones viewed Richard as a king inclined toward absolutism but lacking the taint of rancorousness or despotism ascribed to him by historians since Stubbs. Subsequently two books, a Festschrift, and several articles have appeared, delineating more aspects of the reign. Since May McKisack's volume in the Oxford History of England series appeared in 1959, the number of works concerning the reign has been steadily growing. The recent publication of Anthony Tuck's Richard II and the English Nobility offers an opportunity to reexamine the place of Richard II in history. The divergence of scholarship since 1959 from the traditional interpretations will be seen as the major constitutional problems of the reign are scrutinized. After first examining the influence of William Shakespeare and William Stubbs in shaping the historiography of the reign a chronological discussion of the period from 1377 to 1399 will follow.


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