IDENTITAS GENDER DALAM PERSPEKTIF AGAMA KRISTEN

The fundamental concept offered by feminism to analyze society is gender. The concept of gender is an inherent trait of men and women formed by social and cultural factors, so there are some assumptions about the social and cultural roles of men and women. For example; the woman is known as a weak, beautiful, emotional and motherly creature. While the man is known as a strong, rational, male and powerful creature. But these traits are not permanent, because they can change over time. This study reinforces the view that gender is a social-forming being that can change with the times, while sex is the nature of God whose role remains (unchangeable). Therefore, the identity of women's behavior, there is always kaitanya with conflict that occurs, along with ethnicity ego, discrimination, and the issue of majority and minority relations. Gender is not the nature or the provision of God, therefore gender is concerned with the process of how men and women should act and act according to the structured values of society. Gender is a distinction between roles, functions and responsibilities between women and men.

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IDENTITAS GENDER DALAM PERSPEKTIF AGAMA KRISTEN

Al-MAIYYAH : Media Transformasi Gender dalam Paradigma Sosial Keagamaan ◽

10.35905/almaiyah.v10i1.454 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 25-44

Author(s):

Ali Halidin

Keyword(s):

Cultural Factors ◽

Fundamental Concept ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Social ◽

The Times ◽

Social And Cultural Factors ◽

Cultural Roles ◽

Over Time

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Popular Autobiography in Switzerland

European Journal of Life Writing ◽

10.21827/ejlw.7.295 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

Fabian Brändle

Keyword(s):

Working Class ◽

Social Mobility ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Left Wing ◽

Scientific Interest ◽

Men And Women ◽

Male And Female ◽

The Social ◽

Autobiographical Texts ◽

Social And Cultural Factors

Switzerland has a very old and lively tradition of working-class writing, including outstanding examples such as Augustin Güntzer, Ulrich Bräker or the weavers Matthias and Heinrich Senn. This rich culture is due to the high social mobility, relatively early successful literacy and Protestant self-introspection. Then, though there are not many texts written by left wing workers, male and female, there is a substantial number of texts written by men and women from the margins of society. These texts are not strongly ideological and are thus very interesting sources for everyday history. Despite this tradition, there is a lack of institutional and scientific interest in collecting and conserving autobiographical texts in Switzerland. This article traces the Swiss tradition of working-class life writing, relating it to the social and cultural factors which enabled it; highlights some of the scholarship of editing and interpretation which these texts have generated; and indicates the author’s own contribution to the task of collecting and cataloguing Swiss popular autobiographical texts.https://doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.7.295

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The Path of Standard Albanian Language Formation

European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research ◽

10.2478/ejser-2018-0039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 106-115

Author(s):

Sindorela Doli Kryeziu

Keyword(s):

Single Unit ◽

Cultural Factors ◽

Language History ◽

Whole Process ◽

History Of ◽

Social And Cultural Factors ◽

Cultural Body ◽

Over Time ◽

Language Literature

Abstract In our paper we will talk about the whole process of standardization of the Albanian language, where it has gone through a long historical route, for almost a century.When talking about standard Albanian language history and according to Albanian language literature, it is often thought that the Albanian language was standardized in the Albanian Language Orthography Congress, held in Tirana in 1972, or after the publication of the Orthographic Rules (which was a project at that time) of 1967 and the decisions of the Linguistic Conference, a conference of great importance that took place in Pristina, in 1968. All of these have influenced chronologically during a very difficult historical journey, until the standardization of the Albanian language.Considering a slightly wider and more complex view than what is often presented in Albanian language literature, we will try to describe the path (history) of the standard Albanian formation under the influence of many historical, political, social and cultural factors that are known in the history of the Albanian people. These factors have contributed to the formation of a common state, which would have, over time, a common standard language.It is fair to think that "all activity in the development of writing and the Albanian language, in the field of standardization and linguistic planning, should be seen as a single unit of Albanian culture, of course with frequent manifestations of specific polycentric organization, either because of divisions within the cultural body itself, or because of the external imposition"(Rexhep Ismajli," In Language and for Language ", Dukagjini, Peja, 1998, pp. 15-18.)

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Hidden Fissures and Epidemics in Plain Sight: The Common Paths of Syphilis and HIV in Russia

Philosophical Literary Journal Logos ◽

10.22394/0869-5377-2021-1-113-138 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 113-142

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Contemporary Culture ◽

Historical Sources ◽

Men And Women ◽

Early 21St Century ◽

Women Living With Hiv ◽

The Social ◽

Gender Based ◽

Closed Door ◽

Social And Cultural Factors

The paper examines and compares two epidemics in Russia: syphilis in the first quarter of 20th century and HIV in the early 21st century. The author considers both epidemics from the standpoint of the social sciences by applying the concept of vulnerability to underline the social and cultural factors that cause one social group to be more susceptible to a disease than another. The article focuses on gender-based vulnerability and maintains that both epidemics follow a single, structurally similar scenario. The author shows that the vulnerability of women during both the syphilis and HIV epidemics depends upon the clear continuity in the way gender roles and expectations and the relationships between men and women were structured during the early days of the USSR and in present-day Russia. The article analyzes how stigma arises and how in both eras inequality of power and expectations for men and women formed the main channel for transmission of disease. The paths along which modern epidemics spread have been mostly inherited from the epidemics of past centuries, and in particular the HIV epidemic is following a pattern derived from the syphilis epidemic. More precisely, the current epidemics exploit the same vulnerability of certain groups, vulnerability rooted in the past and still manifest in the norms and relations in contemporary culture and society where one group is much more exposed than the other. The article relies on historical sources, in particular Lev Friedland"s book Behind a Closed Door: Observations of a Venereologist published in 1927, for its account of the syphilis epidemic in the early 20th century and on the author"s own research into the experience of women living with HIV in contemporary Russia.

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Male and Female Partner-Caregivers’ Burden: Does It Get Worse Over Time?

The Gerontologist ◽

10.1093/geront/gny132 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 1103-1111 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Joukje C Swinkels ◽

Marjolein I Broese van Groenou ◽

Alice de Boer ◽

Theo G van Tilburg

Keyword(s):

Caregiver Burden ◽

Process Model ◽

Female Partner ◽

General View ◽

Data Set ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Men And Women ◽

Wear And Tear ◽

The Impact ◽

Over Time

Abstract Background and Objectives The general view is that partner-caregiver burden increases over time but findings are inconsistent. Moreover, the pathways underlying caregiver burden may differ between men and women. This study examines to what degree and why partner-caregiver burden changes over time. It adopts Pearlin’s Caregiver Stress Process Model, as it is expected that higher primary and secondary stressors will increase burden and larger amounts of resources will lower burden. Yet, the impact of stressors and resources may change over time. The wear-and-tear model predicts an increase of burden due to a stronger impact of stressors and lower impact of resources over time. Alternatively, the adaptation model predicts a decrease of burden due to a lower impact of stressors and higher impact of resources over time. Research Design and Methods We used 2 observations with a 1-year interval of 279 male and 443 female partner-caregivers, derived from the Netherlands Older Persons and Informal Caregivers Survey Minimum Data Set. We applied multilevel regression analysis, stratified by gender. Results Adjusted for all predictors, caregiver burden increased over time for both men and women. For female caregivers, the impact of poor spousal health on burden increased and the impact of fulfillment decreased over time. Among male caregivers, the impact of predictors did not change over time. Discussion and Implications The increase of burden over time supports the wear-and-tear model, in particular for women. This study highlights the need for gender-specific interventions that are focused on enabling older partners to be better prepared for long-term partner-care.

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Self-organizing dominance hierarchies in a wild primate population

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2015.1512 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 282 (1814) ◽

pp. 20151512 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Mathias Franz ◽

Emily McLean ◽

Jenny Tung ◽

Jeanne Altmann ◽

Susan C. Alberts

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Social Dynamics ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Self Organization ◽

Social Self ◽

Dominance Hierarchies ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Winner And Loser Effects ◽

The Social ◽

Over Time

Linear dominance hierarchies, which are common in social animals, can profoundly influence access to limited resources, reproductive opportunities and health. In spite of their importance, the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of such hierarchies remain unclear. Two hypotheses explain how linear hierarchies might emerge and change over time. The ‘prior attributes hypothesis’ posits that individual differences in fighting ability directly determine dominance ranks. By contrast, the ‘social dynamics hypothesis’ posits that dominance ranks emerge from social self-organization dynamics such as winner and loser effects. While the prior attributes hypothesis is well supported in the literature, current support for the social dynamics hypothesis is limited to experimental studies that artificially eliminate or minimize individual differences in fighting abilities. Here, we present the first evidence supporting the social dynamics hypothesis in a wild population. Specifically, we test for winner and loser effects on male hierarchy dynamics in wild baboons, using a novel statistical approach based on the Elo rating method for cardinal rank assignment, which enables the detection of winner and loser effects in uncontrolled group settings. Our results demonstrate (i) the presence of winner and loser effects, and (ii) that individual susceptibility to such effects may have a genetic basis. Taken together, our results show that both social self-organization dynamics and prior attributes can combine to influence hierarchy dynamics even when agonistic interactions are strongly influenced by differences in individual attributes. We hypothesize that, despite variation in individual attributes, winner and loser effects exist (i) because these effects could be particularly beneficial when fighting abilities in other group members change over time, and (ii) because the coevolution of prior attributes and winner and loser effects maintains a balance of both effects.

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Introduction

Interaction in Communication Technologies and Virtual Learning Environments ◽

10.4018/978-1-60566-874-1.ch001 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Angela T. Ragusa

Keyword(s):

Social Order ◽

Social Systems ◽

Social Institutions ◽

Ways Of Knowing ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Sandra Harding ◽

The Social ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Over Time

Epistemology is the concept used to describe ways of knowing. In other words, how you know what you know. Sociologists have been interested in how knowledge is produced since the discipline was founded in the 19th Century. How we come to know our world and make sense of it are influenced by social institutions, individual attitudes and behaviors, and our demographic position within the social order. The social order is an historical product which continues to change over time. To facilitate our learning from our socio-historical experiences, sociologists frequently turn to ideas expressed by social theorists. Social theory, whether classical or contemporary, may thus be employed to help us make sense of changes in our social and material world. Although technology is arguably as ancient as our first ancestors, as the chapters in this book reveal, the characteristics of and communications within our postindustrial society vary greatly from those which occurred in the age of modernity. This introductory chapter identifies a few well-known social theorists who have historically attempted to explain how and why social systems, at macro and micro levels, change over time. Next, it contextualizes communication as a cultural product, arguing the best way to examine the topic is from multiple, local perspectives. In the feminist tradition of postmodernist Sandra Harding, it implores us to consider the premise and source of the knowledge sources we use and espouse while communicating and interacting in specific ways and environments. Finally, grounded in the systemic backdrop of social inequality, this chapter encourages readers to begin the task of critical thinking and reflecting about how each of us, as individuals and members of local communities, nations and the world, assuage or reproduces the structurally-derived inequalities which the globalization of communication and technical systems and interacting in a global environment manifests.

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Telegraphic Realism: Henry James's In the Cage

PMLA ◽

10.2307/463265 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 975-990 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Richard Menke

Keyword(s):

Charles Dickens ◽

Henry James ◽

Elizabeth Gaskell ◽

Change Over Time ◽

The Social ◽

Over Time

In setting his 1898 tale In the Cage in a telegraph office, Henry James was adapting and investigating a metaphor that earlier novelists had used for the workings of fiction. As invoked by writers such as Elizabeth Gaskell and Charles Dickens, the idealized image of the electric telegraph hints at some of the formal and ideological properties of Victorian realism. With In the Cage James proves to be more alert than such predecessors not only to the social and technological mechanics of telegraphy but also to the significance of mediation—in telegraphy as well as in realist fiction. Analyzing the conjunction this essay calls “telegraphic realism” indicates the ways in which a medium's imaginative possibilities may change over time and suggests the connections between the histories of media and of literature.

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Social and Cultural Euphemism in Saudi Arabic: a Semantic, a Pragmatic and a Sociolinguistic Analysis

Advances in Language and Literary Studies ◽

10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.64 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 64

Author(s):

Bakri Al-Azzam ◽

Mohammad Al-Ahaydib ◽

Norah Alkhowaiter ◽

Husam Al-Momani

Keyword(s):

Cultural Factors ◽

Cultural Communication ◽

The Past ◽

The Social ◽

New Development ◽

Linguistic Behavior ◽

Social And Cultural Factors ◽

Saudi Arabic ◽

Cultural Pressures ◽

Linguistic Phenomenon

This paper explores the universal linguistic phenomenon of the social and cultural euphemism in Saudi Arabic. It aims at improving the understanding of other cultures' readers of the Saudi culture, concerning uses of euphemism, and simultaneously showing how some linguistic expressions are essentially products of social and cultural pressures. To examine this notion, the study analyzes and classifies examples of the most frequently used Saudi Arabic euphemism, based on various topics. The study shows that the social and cultural factors are very influential in expressing euphemism. It also reveals a clear and a huge shift in the use of euphemism in the Saudi culture, where Saudis did not apply euphemisms frequently in the past, as they are applying these days. Because of the new development of the country’s economy, openness, interfaith dialogue, cultural communication, new lifestyles have emerged and called for more prestigious linguistic behavior. It is hoped that the study would uncover why there are certain sensitive situations where euphemism is needed, such as those of religion, social circumstances, and death situations.

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Causes and Consequences of Coalitional Cognition

10.31219/osf.io/ktpf7 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mina Cikara

Keyword(s):

Social Sciences ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Intergroup Dynamics ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Coalitional Psychology ◽

The Social ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Category Labels ◽

Over Time

What is a group? How do we know to which groups we belong? How do we assign others to groups? A great deal of theorizing across the social sciences has conceptualized ‘groups’ as synonymous with ‘categories,’ however there are a number of limitations to this approach: particularly for making predictions about novel intergroup contexts or about how intergroup dynamics will change over time. Here I join a growing chorus of researchers striving to systematize the conditions under which a generalized coalitional psychology gets activated—the recognition of another’s capacity for and likelihood of coordination not only with oneself but with others. First I review some recent developments in the cognitive processes that give rise to the inference of coalitions and group-biased preferences (even in the absence of category labels). Then I review downstream consequences of inferences about capacity and likelihood of coordination for valuation, emotions, attribution, and inter-coalitional harm. Finally I review examples of how we can use these psychological levers to attenuate intergroup hostility.

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