scholarly journals Telegraphic Realism: Henry James's In the Cage

PMLA ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 975-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Menke
Keyword(s):  
Charles Dickens ◽  
Henry James ◽  
Elizabeth Gaskell ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

In setting his 1898 tale In the Cage in a telegraph office, Henry James was adapting and investigating a metaphor that earlier novelists had used for the workings of fiction. As invoked by writers such as Elizabeth Gaskell and Charles Dickens, the idealized image of the electric telegraph hints at some of the formal and ideological properties of Victorian realism. With In the Cage James proves to be more alert than such predecessors not only to the social and technological mechanics of telegraphy but also to the significance of mediation—in telegraphy as well as in realist fiction. Analyzing the conjunction this essay calls “telegraphic realism” indicates the ways in which a medium's imaginative possibilities may change over time and suggests the connections between the histories of media and of literature.

scholarly journals Self-organizing dominance hierarchies in a wild primate population

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1814) ◽  
pp. 20151512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Franz ◽  
Emily McLean ◽  
Jenny Tung ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Winner And Loser Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time

Linear dominance hierarchies, which are common in social animals, can profoundly influence access to limited resources, reproductive opportunities and health. In spite of their importance, the mechanisms that govern the dynamics of such hierarchies remain unclear. Two hypotheses explain how linear hierarchies might emerge and change over time. The ‘prior attributes hypothesis’ posits that individual differences in fighting ability directly determine dominance ranks. By contrast, the ‘social dynamics hypothesis’ posits that dominance ranks emerge from social self-organization dynamics such as winner and loser effects. While the prior attributes hypothesis is well supported in the literature, current support for the social dynamics hypothesis is limited to experimental studies that artificially eliminate or minimize individual differences in fighting abilities. Here, we present the first evidence supporting the social dynamics hypothesis in a wild population. Specifically, we test for winner and loser effects on male hierarchy dynamics in wild baboons, using a novel statistical approach based on the Elo rating method for cardinal rank assignment, which enables the detection of winner and loser effects in uncontrolled group settings. Our results demonstrate (i) the presence of winner and loser effects, and (ii) that individual susceptibility to such effects may have a genetic basis. Taken together, our results show that both social self-organization dynamics and prior attributes can combine to influence hierarchy dynamics even when agonistic interactions are strongly influenced by differences in individual attributes. We hypothesize that, despite variation in individual attributes, winner and loser effects exist (i) because these effects could be particularly beneficial when fighting abilities in other group members change over time, and (ii) because the coevolution of prior attributes and winner and loser effects maintains a balance of both effects.

Introduction

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela T. Ragusa
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Sandra Harding ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Epistemology is the concept used to describe ways of knowing. In other words, how you know what you know. Sociologists have been interested in how knowledge is produced since the discipline was founded in the 19th Century. How we come to know our world and make sense of it are influenced by social institutions, individual attitudes and behaviors, and our demographic position within the social order. The social order is an historical product which continues to change over time. To facilitate our learning from our socio-historical experiences, sociologists frequently turn to ideas expressed by social theorists. Social theory, whether classical or contemporary, may thus be employed to help us make sense of changes in our social and material world. Although technology is arguably as ancient as our first ancestors, as the chapters in this book reveal, the characteristics of and communications within our postindustrial society vary greatly from those which occurred in the age of modernity. This introductory chapter identifies a few well-known social theorists who have historically attempted to explain how and why social systems, at macro and micro levels, change over time. Next, it contextualizes communication as a cultural product, arguing the best way to examine the topic is from multiple, local perspectives. In the feminist tradition of postmodernist Sandra Harding, it implores us to consider the premise and source of the knowledge sources we use and espouse while communicating and interacting in specific ways and environments. Finally, grounded in the systemic backdrop of social inequality, this chapter encourages readers to begin the task of critical thinking and reflecting about how each of us, as individuals and members of local communities, nations and the world, assuage or reproduces the structurally-derived inequalities which the globalization of communication and technical systems and interacting in a global environment manifests.

scholarly journals Causes and Consequences of Coalitional Cognition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina Cikara
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Intergroup Dynamics ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Coalitional Psychology ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Category Labels ◽  
Over Time

What is a group? How do we know to which groups we belong? How do we assign others to groups? A great deal of theorizing across the social sciences has conceptualized ‘groups’ as synonymous with ‘categories,’ however there are a number of limitations to this approach: particularly for making predictions about novel intergroup contexts or about how intergroup dynamics will change over time. Here I join a growing chorus of researchers striving to systematize the conditions under which a generalized coalitional psychology gets activated—the recognition of another’s capacity for and likelihood of coordination not only with oneself but with others. First I review some recent developments in the cognitive processes that give rise to the inference of coalitions and group-biased preferences (even in the absence of category labels). Then I review downstream consequences of inferences about capacity and likelihood of coordination for valuation, emotions, attribution, and inter-coalitional harm. Finally I review examples of how we can use these psychological levers to attenuate intergroup hostility.

scholarly journals The Notion of Identity

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Zeljka Babic
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Erik Erikson ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Single Identity ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
Modern Sense ◽  
Over Time

According to psychologist Erik Erikson, identity means, “a system of self-definitions of the social actor”. This modern sense of identity denotes not only “sameness”, but also an image according to which one associates and projects oneself. Michael Wintle said that the most important feature of identity is its multiple nature. It is possible to have a single identity but it will always be made up of several separate identifications, some of which might be contradictory. Some are stronger than the others and the pattern can change over time. People are often influenced by multiple identities that apply based on circumstances such as national, racial, social and language identities.

scholarly journals Observing trajectories of KOSs Across Space and Time: The DANS KOS Observatory (KOSo)

NASKO ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Gerard Coen ◽  
Richard P. Smiraglia ◽  
Peter Doorn ◽  
Andrea Scharnhorst
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Knowledge Organization ◽  
Research Front ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Community Interest ◽  
The Social ◽  
Knowledge Organization Systems ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) include a wide variety of schemas ranging from ontologies, to classifications, thesauri, taxonomies, semantic networks, etc. These schemas can be updated and revised (or conversely become obsolete or lost) and are therefore prone to change over time. A wish expressed frequently by the research front in the KO community was for an “observatory” of KOSs. In 2017, via the KNAW Visiting Professor programme, DANS [1] began to focus more on understanding how KOSs change over time, how they can be archived, how version identification and control can be addressed, and also, how KOSs can be aligned to the ‘FAIR’ Data Principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable). This research ambition coupled with community interest lead to the creation of the KOSo (Knowledge Organization Systems Observatory). Concretely, the observatory involves the identification of KOSs within the social sciences and humanities or the life sciences. KOSs have been described and ordered in the observatory through a process of empirical association in order to resist the potential pitfall of already organizing these resources through the lens of other KOSs (e.g. already describing the KOS in terms of existing controlled vocabularies). KOSo employs both metadata terms and formal classifications, using the Information Coding Classification in a synthetic format together with the KO Literature Classification, thus rendering for each KOS a domain-centric term faceted with a KOS-form term. Additionally, we classify domains using the NARCIS Classification, which is a framework to represent the research foci of the Dutch national research infrastructure.

Clickbait orientalism and vintage Iranian snapshots

2020 ◽  
pp. 136787792095734
Author(s):  
Amy Malek
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Meanings ◽  
Family Photographs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Over Time

What happens when vintage family photos are digitized and enter the global visual economy as representations of a people, politics, time, and place? In this article, I examine the social life of an exemplary viral snapshot from pre-revolutionary Iran to demonstrate three of the many shifting uses and social meanings of these snapshots in online global circulations: as representations for diasporic nostalgizing, as tools of soft power in public diplomacy, and as sources for viral journalism that contribute to what I call clickbait orientalism. A 21st-century form of digital soft weaponry, this latter use of Iranian vintage photos trades on gendered orientalist tropes, the indexical power of family photographs, and the context of four decades of geopolitical tension to attract attention and thus revenue. Ultimately, these further remediations render such family snapshots as anonymous, symbolic, weaponized, and monetized, confirming that latent orientalist ideologies continue to circulate even as their manifest forms change over time.

Elmina and Greater Asante in the nineteenth century

Africa ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry W. Yarak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
Over Time

Opening ParagraphOne of the more interesting historiographical debates that emerged in the course of the great burst of research into Akan (actually primarily Asante) history during the 1950s and 1960s concerned the ‘structure’ of the Asante empire, or ‘Greater Asante’ as one of the contributors to the debate, Kwame Arhin, has termed it (Arhin, 1967). The debates have largely been informed by a synchronic, ‘centrist’ approach; that is, by an approach that views the imperial structure at a given point in time, and primarily from the perspective of the political centre, the capital town of Kumase. The 1970s have seen a proliferation of regional studies of the Akan and their neighbours, and so it is perhaps time to reopen the debate on the nature of the Asante imperial order from a broader perspective, one that is both more sensitive to change over time and includes the emerging views from the periphery (see, for example, Berberich, 1974; Case, 1979; Ferguson, 1972; Greene, 1981; Haight, 1981; Handloff, 1982; Sanders, 1980; Weaver, 1975; Yarak, 1976). The present paper first briefly sketches the social and political setting in nineteenth-century Elmina (εdena), then critically reviews the historiographical debate over the structure of Greater Asante, and lastly offers an alternative approach to the study of Greater Asante based on a case study of the history of Asante relations with Elmina.

scholarly journals IDENTITAS GENDER DALAM PERSPEKTIF AGAMA KRISTEN

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44
Author(s):  
Ali Halidin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Fundamental Concept ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Times ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors ◽  
Cultural Roles ◽  
Over Time

The fundamental concept offered by feminism to analyze society is gender. The concept of gender is an inherent trait of men and women formed by social and cultural factors, so there are some assumptions about the social and cultural roles of men and women. For example; the woman is known as a weak, beautiful, emotional and motherly creature. While the man is known as a strong, rational, male and powerful creature. But these traits are not permanent, because they can change over time. This study reinforces the view that gender is a social-forming being that can change with the times, while sex is the nature of God whose role remains (unchangeable). Therefore, the identity of women's behavior, there is always kaitanya with conflict that occurs, along with ethnicity ego, discrimination, and the issue of majority and minority relations. Gender is not the nature or the provision of God, therefore gender is concerned with the process of how men and women should act and act according to the structured values of society. Gender is a distinction between roles, functions and responsibilities between women and men.

The Social Brain

Reading Minds ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Henry M. Wellman
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Mind Reading ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Theory

This chapter examines how children’s theory of mind springs from their social brains. Neuroscience shows that adults have a theory-of-mind neural network. Children’s developing theory of mind uses some of the same neural regions that are used by adults. But, it also shows considerable neural change over time. Theory of mind is a deeply developmental achievement, driven by experience and learning. Because the brain is plastic, that experience and learning also shape the structure and functioning of the brain. We experience and learn new things, and the brain changes in response. Indeed, theory-of-mind understandings and theory-of-mind brain activations change throughout childhood, together, step by step. There is no simple brain-tells-all story. Mind reading is learned; the social brain is a product of learning as well.

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