scholarly journals CFD Simulation with Modeling on Fuel Cell Thermal Management Using Water Based SiO2, TIC and SIC Nanofluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291-1295
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Computer Codes

Computer codes stand built and practiced on water based SiO2 , TiC and SiC nanofluids. The situation visualizes on fuel cell heat management. It evaluates thermal field/contour besides fuel cell temperature. Ultimately, for all the quoted nanofluids, the fuel cells temperatures remain quite below the critical breakdown value of 356 K. Furthermore, for all the quoted nanofluids, the thermal fields/contours range between fuel cells edges and ambient values. Despite the resemblances in thermal fields/contours, the dissimilarities are in consequence of the deviances in thermophysical properties of enumerated nanomaterials. Besides, fuel cell temperatures of 342 K, 313 K and 322 K are observed with water based SiO2 , TiC and SiC nanofluids, respectively. In addition, the water based TiC nanofluid extracts optimum fuel cell heat management. Because, the water based TiC nanofluid also remains with the smallest resulting fuel cell temperature of 313 K.

scholarly journals Numerical Modeling and Simulation on Fuel Cell Thermal Cooling with Water Based TiO2, AlN and CuO Nanofluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2272-2276
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Numerical Modeling And Simulation ◽  
Thermal Cooling

Computer codes are developed and applied on water based TiO2, AlN and CuO nanofluids. The situation visualizes on fuel cell heat management. It evaluates thermal field/contour besides fuel cell temperature. Ultimately, for all the quoted nanofluids, the fuel cells temperatures remain quite below the critical breakdown value of 356 K. Furthermore, for all the quoted nanofluids, the thermal fields/contours range between fuel cells edges and ambient values. Despite the resemblances in thermal fields/contours, the dissimilarities are in consequence of the deviances in thermophysical properties of enumerated nanomaterials. Besides, fuel cell temperatures of 353 K, 320 K and 340 K are observed with water based TiO2, AlN and CuO nanofluids, respectively. In addition, the water based AlN nanofluid extracts optimum fuel cell heat management. Because, the water based AlN nanofluid also corresponds to the lowest stimulating fuel cell temperature of 320 K

scholarly journals Computational Modeling and Simulation on Thermal Management of Fuel Cell with Water Based ZnO, TiC and AlN Nanofluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2052-2056
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Thermophysical Properties ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Computational Modeling And Simulation

Simulation codes remain engendered and instigated on water based ZnO, TiC and AlN nanofluids. The situation visualizes on fuel cell heat management. It evaluates thermal field/contour besides fuel cell temperature. Ultimately, for all the quoted nanofluids, the fuel cells temperatures remain quite below the critical breakdown value of 356 K. Furthermore, for all the quoted nanofluids, the thermal fields/contours range between fuel cells edges and ambient values. Despite the resemblances in thermal fields/contours, the dissimilarities are in consequence of the deviances in thermophysical properties of enumerated nanomaterials. Besides, fuel cell temperatures of 330 K, 313 K and 320 K are observed with water based ZnO, TiC and AlN nanofluids, respectively. In addition, the water based TiC nanofluid extracts optimum fuel cell heat management. Because, the water based TiC nanofluid stands for the minutest ensuing fuel cell temperature of 313 K on top

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation and Modeling on Thermal Cooling of Fuel Cell Using Water Based Al2O3, SiC and CuO Nanofluids

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2047-2051
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Field ◽  
Simulation And Modeling ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Thermal Fields ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Thermal Cooling

Simulation codes are generated and implemented on water based Al2O3 , SiC and CuO nanofluids. The situation visualizes on fuel cell heat management. It evaluates thermal field/contour besides fuel cell temperature. Ultimately, for all the quoted nanofluids, the fuel cells temperatures remain quite below the critical breakdown value of 356 K. Furthermore, for all the quoted nanofluids, the thermal fields/contours range between fuel cells edges and ambient values. Despite the resemblances in thermal fields/contours, the dissimilarities are in consequence of the deviances in thermophysical properties of enumerated nanomaterials. Besides, fuel cell temperatures of 350 K, 322 K and 340 K are observed with water based Al2O3 , SiC and CuO nanofluids, respectively. In addition, the water based SiC nanofluid extracts optimum fuel cell heat management. Because, the water based SiC nanofluid corresponds to the minimum follow-on fuel cell temperature of 322 K as well.

Thermal Management and Voltage Stabilization in Air-Forced Open-Cathode Fuel Cells

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lotfi ◽  
H. Zomorodi ◽  
R. G. Landers
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Temperature Control ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Model Uncertainties ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
External Disturbances ◽  
Temperature Reference

Temperature control is undoubtedly one of the important challenges in open-cathode fuel cell systems. Due to cost considerations, it is traditionally achieved by constant-speed operation of the fans. In this paper, a state feedback temperature controller, combined with a Kalman filter to mitigate the noisy temperature measurements is designed and implemented. The controller-filter set facilitates robust thermal management with respect to model uncertainties and measurement noise. The proposed temperature control not only manages to track the fuel cell temperature reference, it can also be used to stabilize the output voltage. Voltage regulation is of great importance for open-cathode fuel cells as it guarantees a predictable and fixed fuel cell output voltage for given current values in spite of internal and external disturbances. The controllers were implemented experimentally and the results show promising performances in regulating the reference temperature and voltage despite model uncertainties and disturbances.

Effects of Operating Conditions on the Heat Management of a Microscale Fuel Cell

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyong Sun ◽  
Adam S. Hollinger ◽  
Jun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Current Collector ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Fuel Flow ◽  
Fuel Stream

Abstract Higher energy densities and the potential for nearly instantaneous recharging make microscale fuel cells very attractive as power sources for portable technology in comparison with standard battery technology. Heat management is very important to the microscale fuel cells because of the generation of waste heat. Waste heat generated in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells includes oxygen reduction reaction in the cathode catalyst, hydrogen oxidation reaction in the anode catalyst, and Ohmic heating in the membrane. A novel microscale fuel cell design is presented here that utilizes a half-membrane electrode assembly. An ANSYS Fluent model is presented to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the heat management of this microscale fuel cell. Five inlet fuel temperatures are 22°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. Two fuel flow rate are 0.3 mL/min and 2 mL/min. The fuel cell is simulated under natural convection and forced convection. The simulations predict thermal profiles throughout this microscale fuel cell design. The exit temperature of fuel stream, oxygen stream and nitrogen stream are obtained to determine the rate of heat removal. Simulation results show that the fuel stream dominates heat removal at room temperature. As inlet fuel temperature increases, the majority of heat removal occurs via convection with the ambient air by the exposed current collector surfaces. The top and bottom current collector removes almost the same amount of heat. The model also shows that the heat transfer through the oxygen channel and nitrogen channel is minimal over the range of inlet fuel temperatures. Increasing fuel flow rate and ambient air flow both increase the heat removal by the exposed current collector surfaces. Ultimately, these simulations can be used to determine design points for best performance and durability in a single-channel microscale fuel cell.

scholarly journals Micro-Fabricated Thin-Film Fuel Cells for Portable Power Requirements

2002 ◽  
Vol 730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan F. Jankowski ◽  
Jeffrey P. Hayes ◽  
R. Tim Graff ◽  
Jeffrey D. Morse
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Thin Film Deposition ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Film Deposition ◽  
Portable Power ◽  
Fuel Storage

AbstractFuel cells have gained renewed interest for applications in portable power since the energy is stored in a separate reservoir of fuel rather than as an integral part of the power source, as is the case with batteries. While miniaturized fuel cells have been demonstrated for the low power regime (1-20 Watts), numerous issues still must be resolved prior to deployment for applications as a replacement for batteries. As traditional fuel cell designs are scaled down in both power output and physical footprint, several issues impact the operation, efficiency, and overall performance of the fuel cell system. These issues include fuel storage, fuel delivery, system startup, peak power requirements, cell stacking, and thermal management. The combination of thin-film deposition and micro-machining materials offers potential advantages with respect to stack size and weight, flow field and manifold structures, fuel storage, and thermal management. The micro-fabrication technologies that enable material and fuel flexibility through a modular fuel cell platform will be described along with experimental results from both solid oxide and proton exchange membrane, thin-film fuel cells.

Thermal Management of an Air-Cooled PEM Fuel Cell: Cell Level Simulation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Andisheh Tadbir ◽  
S. Shahsavari ◽  
M. Bahrami ◽  
E. Kjeang
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Thermal Design ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Heat Rejection

Air-cooled polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells have recently been the center of attention mainly because of the simplicity they bring into the fuel cell industry. Their main advantage is the elimination of balance-of-plant subsystems such as the liquid coolant loop, heat exchanger, compressor, and air humidifier which greatly reduces the complexity, parasitic power, and cost of the overall system. In air-cooled fuel cells, air is used as a combined oxidant and coolant. However, the net power output is limited by the heat rejection rate and the overall performance and durability are restricted by high temperature gradients during stack operation. An important initial step toward this goal is accurate knowledge of the temperature distribution in the stack in order to optimize heat removal by suitable thermal management strategies. In the present study, a three dimensional numerical model is developed that can predict the temperature distribution in cell level with an acceptable accuracy. Using this methodology, the maximum temperature in the stack as well as temperature gradients, which are two essential operating parameters for air-cooled fuel cells, can be obtained. The model is validated using experimental data for the 1020ACS fuel cell stack from Ballard Power Systems. A parametric study is performed for bipolar plate thermal conductivity and overall thermal characteristics on the cell level to examine the effects of these parameters on the maximum stack temperature, temperature gradient in the cell, and overall heat rejection rate. Based on these results, recommendations are provided for improved thermal design of air-cooled fuel cells.

Water and Thermal Balance in PEM Fuel Cells

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Izenson ◽  
Roger W. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Electrochemical Performance ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ◽  
Pem Fuel Cell ◽  
Thermal Balance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Portable Power

The high energy density available from polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems makes them attractive sources of portable power. A key consideration for minimum weight portable power systems is that they must operate simultaneously at water balance (no external water supply) and thermal balance (controlled temperature). Water and thermal management are intimately linked since evaporation is a potent source of cooling. The cell’s electrochemical performance and the ambient environment determine the rates of water production and transport as well as heat generation and removal. This paper presents the basic design relationships that govern water and thermal balance in PEM fuel cell stacks and systems. Hydrogen/air and direct methanol fuel cells are both addressed and compared. Operating conditions for simultaneous water and thermal balance can be specified based on the cell’s electrochemical performance and the operating environment. These conditions can be used to specify the overall size and complexity of the cooling equipment needed in terms of the “UA” product of the heat exchangers. The water balance properties can have strong effects on the size of the thermal management equipment required.

Modeling of CO Influence in PBI Electrolyte PEM Fuel Cells

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Risum Korsgaard ◽  
Mads Pagh Nielsen ◽  
Mads Bang ◽  
So̸ren Knudsen Kær
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Co Adsorption ◽  
Pem Fuel Cells ◽  
Desorption Kinetics ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Preferential Oxidation ◽  
Cell Temperature ◽  
Adsorption And Desorption ◽  
Reformate Gas

In most PEM fuel cell MEA’s Nafion is used as electrolyte material due to its excellent proton conductivity at low temperatures. However, Nafion needs to be fully hydrated in order to conduct protons. This means that the cell temperature cannot surpass the boiling temperature of water and further this poses great challenges regarding water management in the cells. When operating fuel cell stacks on reformate gas, carbon monoxide (CO) content in the gas is unavoidable. The highest tolerable amount of CO is between 50–100 ppm with CO-tolerant catalysts. To achieve such low CO-concentration, extensive gas purification is necessary; typically shift reactors and preferential oxidation. The surface adsorption and desorption is strongly dependent upon the cell temperature. Higher temperature operation favors the CO-desorption and increases cell performance due to faster kinetics. High temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells with PBI polymer electrolytes rather than Nafion can be operated at temperatures between 120–200°C. At such conditions, several percent CO in the gas is tolerable depending on the cell temperature. System complexity in the case of reformate operation is greatly reduced increasing the overall system performance since shift reactors and preferential oxidation can be left out. PBI-based MEA’s have proven long durability. The manufacturer PEMEAS have verified lifetimes above 25,000 hours. They are thus serious contenders to Nafion based fuel cell MEA’s. This paper provides a novel experimentally verified model of the CO sorption processes in PEM fuel cells with PBI membranes. The model uses a mechanistic approach to characterize the CO adsorption and desorption kinetics. A simplified model, describing cathode overpotential, was included to model the overall cell potential. Experimental tests were performed with CO-levels ranging from 0.1% to 10% and temperatures from 160–200°C. Both pure hydrogen as well as a reformate gas models were derived and the modeling results are in excellent agreement with the experiments.

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