scholarly journals Dynamics of Host-Parasite Models with Harvesting of Parasites and Partial Cover for Host

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1436-1440
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Iterative Methods ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Crucial Element ◽  
Partial Cover ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Host Parasite

Modeling might be viewed like a knowledge concerning with the communication among other topics and mathematics, theoretical discipline on a number of elements of the daily world. Mathematical models take to be crucial resources in iterative methods and biological investigations of info collection. Mathematical models take to be crucial resources in bioticsurveys with an iterative process of info collection. The experimental investigation as well as the theoretical model is usually a crucial element in developing tests and in the interpretation of information. Parasites are actually the organisms which feed on their hosts or host immediately upon it, at some point resulting in the death of host species.

Predicting the potential distribution ofVexillata(Nematoda: Ornithostrongylidae) and its hosts (Mammalia: Rodentia) within America

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Martínez-Salazar ◽  
T. Escalante ◽  
M. Linaje ◽  
J. Falcón-Ordaz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Species Distribution Modelling ◽  
Distribution Modelling ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Suitable Habitats ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractSpecies distribution modelling has been a powerful tool to explore the potential distribution of parasites in wildlife, being the basis of studies on biogeography.Vexillataspp. are intestinal nematodes found in several species of mammalian hosts, such as rodents (Geomyoidea) and hares (Leporidae) in the Nearctic and northern Neotropical regions. In the present study, we modelled the potential distribution ofVexillataspp. and their hosts, using exclusively species from the Geomyidae and Heteromyidae families, in order to identify their distributional patterns. Bioclimatic and topographic variables were used to identify and predict suitable habitats forVexillataand its hosts. Using these models, we identified that temperature seasonality is a significant environmental factor that influences the distribution of the parasite genus and its host. In particular, the geographical distribution is estimated to be larger than that predicted for its hosts. This suggests that the nematode has the potential to extend its geographical range and also its spectrum of host species. Increasing sample size and geographical coverage will contribute to recommendations for conservation of this host–parasite system.

The effects of seasonality on host–bat fly ecological networks in a temperate mountain cave

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARINA D. RIVERA-GARCÍA ◽  
CÉSAR A. SANDOVAL-RUIZ ◽  
ROMEO A. SALDAÑA-VÁZQUEZ ◽  
JORGE E. SCHONDUBE
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Ecological Networks ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Bat Flies ◽  
Bat Fly ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYChanges in the specialization of parasite–host interactions will be influenced by variations in host species composition. We evaluated this hypothesis by comparing the composition of bats and bat flies within a roost cave over one annual. Five bat and five bat fly species occupied the cave over the course of the study. Bat species composition was 40% different in the rainy season compared with the dry–cold and dry–warm seasons. Despite the incorporation of three new bat species into the cave during the rainy season, bat fly species composition was not affected by seasonality, since the bats that arrived in the rainy season only contributed one new bat fly species at a low prevalence. Bat–bat fly ecological networks were less specialized in the rainy season compared with the dry–cold and dry–warm seasons because of the increase of host overlap among bat fly species during this season. This study suggests that seasonality promote: (1) differences in host species composition, and (2) a reduction in the specialization of host–parasite ecological networks.

Analysis of parasite host-switching: limitations on the use of phylogenies

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (S1) ◽  
pp. S111-S123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Host Switching ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Potential Host ◽  
Historical Reconstructions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Parasite Assemblages

SUMMARYEven the most generalist parasites usually occur in only a subset of potential host species, a tendency which reflects overriding environmental constraints on their distributions in nature. The periodic shifting of these limitations represented by host-switches may have been an important process in the evolution of many host-parasite assemblages. To study such events, however, it must first be established where and when they have occurred. Past host-switches within a group of parasites are usually inferred from a comparison of the parasite phylogeny with that of the hosts. Congruence between the phylogenies is often attributed to a history of association by descent with cospeciation, and incongruence to host-switching or extinction in ‘duplicated’ parasite lineages (which diverged without a corresponding branching of the host tree). The inference of host-switching from incongrucnt patterns is discussed. Difficulties arise because incongruence can frequently be explained by different combinations of biologically distinct events whose relative probabilities are uncertain. Also, the models of host parasite relationships implicit in historical reconstructions may often not allow for plausible sources of incongruence other than host-switching or duplication/extinction, or for the possibility that colonization could, in some circumstances, be disguised by ‘false’ congruence.

Distribution of Pomphorhynchus laevis s.l. (Acanthocephala) among fish species at a local scale: importance of fish biomass density

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-J. Perrot-Minnot ◽  
L. Bollache ◽  
C. Lagrue
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Fish Host ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Fish Biomass ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Pomphorhynchus Laevis ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract Parasite distribution among hosts is a fundamental aspect of host–parasite interactions. Aggregated parasite distributions within and across host species are commonly reported and potentially influenced by many factors, whether host or parasite specific, or related to host–parasite encounter and compatibility. Yet, the respective role of each in observed parasite distributions are often unclear. Here, we documented the distribution of the acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis sensu lato (s.l.) in two replicate fish host populations. Aggregated distributions were observed in both populations, within and across fish host species. We found a positive abundance–prevalence relationship across fish species, suggesting that resource availability (fish host biomass density) was the main driver of P. laevis s.l. distribution. This was supported by further positive associations between mean parasite load and fish biomass density. We found little evidence for intensity-dependent regulation within host (i.e. intra-host competition among co-infecting parasites). Furthermore, P. laevis s.l. infection had no detectable effect on fish condition indices, except on the body condition of female barbel (Barbus barbus). Therefore, P. laevis s.l. tended to accumulate with size/age within fish species, and with fish biomass density among fish species, with apparently negligible limitations due to intra-host intensity-dependent regulation of parasite, or to parasite-induced morbidity in fish. The relative availability of final hosts for trophic transmission thus appears to be the main driver of P. laevis s.l. distribution among fish.

scholarly journals Similarities among ectoparasite fauna of sigmodontine rodents: phylogenetic and geographical influences

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 139 (13) ◽  
pp. 1749-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEONARDO DOMINICI CRUZ ◽  
FERNANDA RODRIGUES FERNANDES ◽  
ARÍCIO XAVIER LINHARES
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Mite Species ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Partial Mantel Test ◽  
Parasitic Species ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Ectoparasite Fauna

SUMMARYPhylogenetic and geographical overlaps in host distributions influence the compositional similarity of ectoparasite fauna in a host–parasite system. In these systems, hosts that are more closely related (phylogenetically) are expected to share more parasitic species than more distantly related hosts. Similarly, hosts sharing a larger geographical distribution overlap are expected to have similar ectoparasites. This study investigated the influence of phylogeny (divergence time) and geographical overlap of some neotropical sigmodontine rodent species on the similarities among their ectoparasite fauna (Mesostigmata and Siphonaptera), using a partial Mantel test. Divergence time was the only significant factor that influenced the similarity among the ectoparasites, when mites and fleas were analysed together. Host species that had diverged more recently displayed ectoparasite fauna that were similar. The similarities of the flea species showed similar results in both separate and joint analyses, but neither phylogenetic nor geographical overlap influenced the similarity in mite species. Fleas were shown to be more host-specific than were mesostigmate mites, probably because of the increased influence of host phylogeny.

scholarly journals Experimental investigation of alternative transmission functions: Quantitative evidence for the importance of nonlinear transmission dynamics in host-parasite systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Orlofske ◽  
Samuel M. Flaxman ◽  
Maxwell B. Joseph ◽  
Andy Fenton ◽  
Brett A. Melbourne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Nonlinear Transmission ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Host Parasite

SIMPLE YET EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

2010 ◽  
Vol 01 (04) ◽  
pp. 509-522
Author(s):  
SANJAY KUMAR KHATTRI ◽  
MUHAMMAD ASLAM NOOR
Keyword(s):  
Convergence Analysis ◽  
Iterative Methods ◽  
Newton Method ◽  
Efficient Algorithm ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Computational Results ◽  
Numerical Work ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Practical Algorithm ◽  
Convergence Orders

In this work, we develop a simple yet robust and highly practical algorithm for constructing iterative methods of higher convergence orders. The algorithm can be easily implemented in software packages for achieving desired convergence orders. Convergence analysis shows that the algorithm can develop methods of various convergence orders which is also supported through the numerical work. The algorithm is shown to converge even if the derivative of the function vanishes during the iterative process. Computational results ascertain that the developed algorithm is efficient and demonstrate equal or better performance as compared with other well known methods and the classical Newton method.

MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CHEMICALLY REACTING GASES

1996 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 245-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. RONDONI
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Mathematical Study ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Complex Chemical ◽  
Complex Chemical Reactions ◽  
Chemically Reacting ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Number Of Particles

Modeling and analysis of models of complex chemical reactions constitute wide branches of research in chemistry, physics and mathematics. Here a model is proposed which is amenable to rigorous mathematical study, which makes clear the dynamics of the systems described by such a model. In particular, only combinations of chemical reactions which preserve the number of particles, and which have equal forward and backward reaction rates are allowed. Reactions which do not satisfy such requirements can be considered, provided they are suitably modified. Also, it is required that the densities of the chemicals in the reactions be low, so that the applicability of the theory is restricted to mixtures of gases.

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