scholarly journals Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Trusted Data

Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal to improve human health, protect the aquatic ecosystem, and reduce air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized that make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Trusted Data

Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal to improve human health, protect the aquatic ecosystem, and reduce air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized that make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Electric Vehicles Energy Trading: Requirements, Opportunities, and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Al-Saif ◽  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trusted Data

Today's technologies, techniques, and systems leveraged for managing energy trading operations in electric vehicles fall short in providing operational transparency, immutability, fault tolerance, traceability, and trusted data provenance features. They are centralized and vulnerable to the single point of failure problem, and less trustworthy as they are prone to the data modifications and deletion by adversaries. In this paper, we present the potential advantages of blockchain technology to manage energy trading operations between electric vehicles as it can offer data traceability, immutability, transparency, audit, security, and confidentiality in a fully decentralized manner. We identify and discuss the essential requirements for the successful implementation of blockchain technology to secure energy trading operations among electric vehicles. We present a detailed discussion on the potential opportunities offered by blockchain technology to secure the energy trading operations of electric vehicles. We discuss several blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain technology in electric vehicles energy trading. Finally, we identify and discuss open challenges in fulfilling the requirements of electric vehicles energy trading applications.

scholarly journals Blockchain in Oil and Gas Industry: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for managing oil and gas supply chain operations fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, a large portion of the existing systems is centralized, manual, and highly disintegrated which make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. In this survey, we explore the potential opportunities and applications of blockchain technology in managing the exploration, production, and supply chain and logistics operations in the oil and gas industry as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss state-of-the-art blockchain-based schemes, research projects, business initiatives, and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in the oil and gas industry. We present the potential opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various use cases and application scenarios. We introduce several systems that leverage blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the important services in terms of tracking and tracing of petroleum products, protection of international trade documents, and coordination of purchasing and bidding activities for granting oil exploration rights to petroleum exploration and development companies. Finally, we present open challenges acting as future research directions.

scholarly journals A Review of Blockchain Architecture and Consensus Protocols: Use Cases, Challenges, and Solutions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Ismail ◽  
Huned Materwala
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Distributed Databases ◽  
Distributed Applications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Digital Ecosystem ◽  
Smart Healthcare ◽  
Future Research Directions

ver the last decade the blockchain technology has emerged to provide solutions to the complexity, performance and privacy challenges of using distributed databases. Over this time, the concept of blockchain has shifted greatly due to the rapidly evolving distributed applications in a collaborative ecosystem such as smart cities, social networking, governance, and smart healthcare, and the ultimate need for green computing, cost reduction for customers, and business growth for enterprises. Consequently, blockchain architecture has misaligned with the goals for a green collaborative digital ecosystem. Therefore, it becomes critical to address this vent and to build new frameworks to align blockchain with those goals. In this paper, we discuss the evolution of blockchain architecture and its consensus protocols, bringing a retrospective analysis and discussing the rationale of the evolution of the various architectures and protocols, as well as capturing the assumptions conducting to their development and contributions to building collaborative applications. We introduce a classification of those architectures and provide insights for future research directions in the field.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Deep Learning: Review and Open Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafay ◽  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trusted Data ◽  
Learning Frameworks

Deep learning has gained huge traction in recent years because of its potential to make informed decisions. A large portion of today's deep learning systems are based on centralized servers and fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, reliability, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, training deep learning models by utilizing centralized data is vulnerable to the single point of failure problem. In this paper, we explore the importance of integrating blockchain technology with deep learning. We review the existing literature focused on the integration of blockchain with deep learning. We classify and categorize the literature by devising a thematic taxonomy based on seven parameters; namely, blockchain type, deep learning models, deep learning specific consensus protocols, application area, services, data types, and deployment goals. We provide insightful discussions on the state-of-the-art blockchain-based deep learning frameworks by highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we compare the existing blockchain-based deep learning frameworks based on four parameters such as blockchain type, consensus protocol, deep learning method, and dataset. Finally, we present important research challenges which need to be addressed to develop highly efficient, robust, and secure deep learning frameworks.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Deep Learning: Review and Open Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafay ◽  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trusted Data ◽  
Learning Frameworks

Deep learning has gained huge traction in recent years because of its potential to make informed decisions. A large portion of today's deep learning systems are based on centralized servers and fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, reliability, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, training deep learning models by utilizing centralized data is vulnerable to the single point of failure problem. In this paper, we explore the importance of integrating blockchain technology with deep learning. We review the existing literature focused on the integration of blockchain with deep learning. We classify and categorize the literature by devising a thematic taxonomy based on seven parameters; namely, blockchain type, deep learning models, deep learning specific consensus protocols, application area, services, data types, and deployment goals. We provide insightful discussions on the state-of-the-art blockchain-based deep learning frameworks by highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we compare the existing blockchain-based deep learning frameworks based on four parameters such as blockchain type, consensus protocol, deep learning method, and dataset. Finally, we present important research challenges which need to be addressed to develop highly efficient, robust, and secure deep learning frameworks.

scholarly journals A Review of Blockchain in Internet of Things and AI

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany F. Atlam ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Azad ◽  
Ahmed G. Alzahrani ◽  
Gary Wills
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Distributed Ledger ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Impact

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a new technology that enables both virtual and physical objects to be connected and communicate with each other, and produce new digitized services that improve our quality of life. The IoT system provides several advantages, however, the current centralized architecture introduces numerous issues involving a single point of failure, security, privacy, transparency, and data integrity. These challenges are an obstacle in the way of the future developments of IoT applications. Moving the IoT into one of the distributed ledger technologies may be the correct choice to resolve these issues. Among the common and popular types of distributed ledger technologies is the blockchain. Integrating the IoT with blockchain technology can bring countless benefits. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive discussion of integrating the IoT system with blockchain technology. After providing the basics of the IoT system and blockchain technology, a thorough review of integrating the blockchain with the IoT system is presented by highlighting benefits of the integration and how the blockchain can resolve the issues of the IoT system. Then, the blockchain as a service for the IoT is presented to show how various features of blockchain technology can be implemented as a service for various IoT applications. This is followed by discussing the impact of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) on both IoT and blockchain. In the end, future research directions of IoT with blockchain are presented.

The Role of Libraries, Archives, and Museums for Metaliteracy in Smart Cities

2022 ◽  
pp. 355-375
Author(s):  
Saima Qutab ◽  
Syed Adnan Adil ◽  
Lesley A. Gardner ◽  
Farasat Shafi Ullah
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Digital Inclusion ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Future Research Directions

The concept of smart cities is gaining popularity within academic, practice, and policy circles. Smart cities are intended to be self-sufficient via cutting-edge technologies, purposive innovations, and inventions. However, while technology is growing at an unexpectedly fast pace, one of the essential components of smart cities ‘humans' is lagging behind. The need for and scope of literacies to survive in smart cities pose challenges for their citizens. This study aims to identify the range of literacies required in smart cities and the roles of libraries, archives, and museums (LAM) in supporting citizen literacies for social and digital inclusion. The LAM sector is one of the major stakeholders in the digital transformation sphere. Therefore, the LAM sector must identify the nature of required literacies, the roles and strengths of other stakeholders, and the opportunities to increase its presence in the process. This study systematically identifies and addresses these issues through a conceptual framework process and proposes future research directions for the LAM sector.

scholarly journals Blockchain in Oil and Gas Industry: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for managing oil and gas supply chain operations fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, a large portion of the existing systems is centralized, manual, and highly disintegrated which make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. In this survey, we explore the potential opportunities and applications of blockchain technology in managing the exploration, production, and supply chain and logistics operations in the oil and gas industry as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss state-of-the-art blockchain-based schemes, research projects, business initiatives, and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in the oil and gas industry. We present the potential opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various use cases and application scenarios. We introduce several systems that leverage blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the important services in terms of tracking and tracing of petroleum products, protection of international trade documents, and coordination of purchasing and bidding activities for granting oil exploration rights to petroleum exploration and development companies. Finally, we present open challenges acting as future research directions.

scholarly journals Blockchain technology in the smart city: a bibliometric review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderahman Rejeb ◽  
Karim Rejeb ◽  
Steven J. Simske ◽  
John G. Keogh
Keyword(s):  
Citation Analysis ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Bibliometric Review ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Leading Journals

AbstractBlockchain can function as a foundational technology with numerous applications in smart cities. The objective of this paper is twofold. First, it provides a detailed overview of the extant literature on blockchain applications in smart cities; second, it reveals the trends and suggests future research directions for scholars who wish to contribute to this rapidly growing field. We conducted a bibliometric review using a keyword co-occurrence network and article co-citation analysis. The analysis includes the assessment of 148 articles published between 2016 and 2020 in 76 academic journals. The review results demonstrate that the number of articles devoted to the study of blockchain applications and smart cities has increased exponentially in recent years. More importantly, the research identifies some of the most influential studies in this area. The paper discusses trends and highlights the challenges related to the deployment of blockchain in smart cities. To the authors’ best knowledge, this represents the first study to review the literature from leading journals on blockchain applications in smart cities using bibliometric techniques.

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