scholarly journals Blockchain for Electric Vehicles Energy Trading: Requirements, Opportunities, and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Al-Saif ◽  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trusted Data

Today's technologies, techniques, and systems leveraged for managing energy trading operations in electric vehicles fall short in providing operational transparency, immutability, fault tolerance, traceability, and trusted data provenance features. They are centralized and vulnerable to the single point of failure problem, and less trustworthy as they are prone to the data modifications and deletion by adversaries. In this paper, we present the potential advantages of blockchain technology to manage energy trading operations between electric vehicles as it can offer data traceability, immutability, transparency, audit, security, and confidentiality in a fully decentralized manner. We identify and discuss the essential requirements for the successful implementation of blockchain technology to secure energy trading operations among electric vehicles. We present a detailed discussion on the potential opportunities offered by blockchain technology to secure the energy trading operations of electric vehicles. We discuss several blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain technology in electric vehicles energy trading. Finally, we identify and discuss open challenges in fulfilling the requirements of electric vehicles energy trading applications.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Trusted Data

Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal to improve human health, protect the aquatic ecosystem, and reduce air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized that make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Waste Management in Smart Cities: A Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Trusted Data

Smart cities have the potential to overcome environmental problems caused by improper waste disposal to improve human health, protect the aquatic ecosystem, and reduce air pollution. However, today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for waste management are manual and centralized that make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. Also, a large portion of the existing waste management systems within smart cities fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. In this paper, we explore the key role of blockchain technology in managing waste within smart cities as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss the opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various waste management use cases and application scenarios, including real-time tracing and tracking of waste, reliable channelization and compliance with waste treatment laws, efficient waste resources management, protection of waste management documentation, and fleet management. We introduce a framework that leverages blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the key services in terms of waste management of smart cities. We compare the existing blockchain-based waste management solutions based on important parameters. Furthermore, we present insightful discussions on several ongoing blockchain-based research projects and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in waste management. Finally, we present open challenges that act as future research directions.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Deep Learning: Review and Open Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafay ◽  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trusted Data ◽  
Learning Frameworks

Deep learning has gained huge traction in recent years because of its potential to make informed decisions. A large portion of today's deep learning systems are based on centralized servers and fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, reliability, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, training deep learning models by utilizing centralized data is vulnerable to the single point of failure problem. In this paper, we explore the importance of integrating blockchain technology with deep learning. We review the existing literature focused on the integration of blockchain with deep learning. We classify and categorize the literature by devising a thematic taxonomy based on seven parameters; namely, blockchain type, deep learning models, deep learning specific consensus protocols, application area, services, data types, and deployment goals. We provide insightful discussions on the state-of-the-art blockchain-based deep learning frameworks by highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we compare the existing blockchain-based deep learning frameworks based on four parameters such as blockchain type, consensus protocol, deep learning method, and dataset. Finally, we present important research challenges which need to be addressed to develop highly efficient, robust, and secure deep learning frameworks.

scholarly journals Blockchain for Deep Learning: Review and Open Challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafay ◽  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Trusted Data ◽  
Learning Frameworks

Deep learning has gained huge traction in recent years because of its potential to make informed decisions. A large portion of today's deep learning systems are based on centralized servers and fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, reliability, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, training deep learning models by utilizing centralized data is vulnerable to the single point of failure problem. In this paper, we explore the importance of integrating blockchain technology with deep learning. We review the existing literature focused on the integration of blockchain with deep learning. We classify and categorize the literature by devising a thematic taxonomy based on seven parameters; namely, blockchain type, deep learning models, deep learning specific consensus protocols, application area, services, data types, and deployment goals. We provide insightful discussions on the state-of-the-art blockchain-based deep learning frameworks by highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, we compare the existing blockchain-based deep learning frameworks based on four parameters such as blockchain type, consensus protocol, deep learning method, and dataset. Finally, we present important research challenges which need to be addressed to develop highly efficient, robust, and secure deep learning frameworks.

scholarly journals Blockchain-Based Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Charging Payment System for Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7962
Author(s):  
Prince Waqas Khan ◽  
Yung-Cheol Byun
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Payment System ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Trading Systems ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Charging Stations

The world is moving rapidly from carbon-producing vehicles to green transportation systems. Electric vehicles (EV) are a big step towards a friendly mode of transport. With the constant rise in the number of electric vehicles, we need a widespread and seamless charging infrastructure that supports seamless charging and billing. Some users generate electricity using solar panels and charge their electric vehicles. In contrast, some use charging stations, and they pay for vehicle charging. This raises the question of trust and transparency. There are many countries where laws are not strictly enforced to prevent fraud in payment systems. One of the preeminent problems presently existing with any of the trading systems is the lack of transparency. The service provider can overcharge the customer. Blockchain is a modern-day solution that mitigates trust and privacy issues. We have proposed a peer-to-peer energy trading and charging payment system for electric vehicles based on blockchain technology. Users who have excess electricity which they can sell to the charging stations through smart contracts. Electric vehicle users can pay the charging bills through electronic wallets. We have developed the electric vehicle’s automatic-payment system using the open-source platform Hyperledger fabric. The proposed system will reduce human interaction and increase trust, transparency, and privacy among EV participants. We have analyzed the resource utilization and also performed average transaction latency and throughput evaluation. This system can be helpful for the policymakers of smart cities.

scholarly journals Blockchain in Oil and Gas Industry: Applications, Challenges, and Future Trends

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raja Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Mohammed Omar
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Blockchain Technology

Today's systems, approaches, and technologies leveraged for managing oil and gas supply chain operations fall short in providing operational transparency, traceability, audit, security, and trusted data provenance features. Also, a large portion of the existing systems is centralized, manual, and highly disintegrated which make them vulnerable to manipulation and the single point of failure problem. In this survey, we explore the potential opportunities and applications of blockchain technology in managing the exploration, production, and supply chain and logistics operations in the oil and gas industry as it can offer traceability, immutability, transparency, and audit features in a decentralized, trusted, and secure manner. We discuss state-of-the-art blockchain-based schemes, research projects, business initiatives, and case studies to highlight the practicability of blockchain in the oil and gas industry. We present the potential opportunities brought about by blockchain technology in various use cases and application scenarios. We introduce several systems that leverage blockchain-based smart contracts to automate the important services in terms of tracking and tracing of petroleum products, protection of international trade documents, and coordination of purchasing and bidding activities for granting oil exploration rights to petroleum exploration and development companies. Finally, we present open challenges acting as future research directions.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Blockchain-Based Energy Trading Platform for Electric Vehicles in Smart Campus Parking Lots

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Condon Silva ◽  
Mohamed A. Ahmed ◽  
José Manuel Martínez ◽  
Young-Chon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Trading ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
Vehicle Owner ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Smart Campus ◽  
Physical Infrastructure ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Cyber Infrastructure

This paper proposes a blockchain-based energy trading platform for electric vehicles in smart campus parking lots. Smart parking lots are smart places capable of supporting both parking and charging services for electric vehicles. The electric vehicle owner may want to charge energy at a low price and sell it during peak hours at a higher price. The proposed system architecture consists of two layers: the physical infrastructure layer and the cyber infrastructure layer. The physical infrastructure layer represents all of the physical components located in the campus distribution power system, such as electric vehicles charging stations, transformers, and electric feeders, while the cyber infrastructure layer supports the operation of the physical infrastructure layer and enables selling/buying energy among participants. Blockchain technology is a promising candidate to facilitate auditability and traceability of energy transactions among participants. A real case of a parking lot with a realistic parking pattern in a university campus is considered. The system consists of a university control center and various parking lot local controllers (PLLCs). The PLLC broadcasts the electricity demand and the grid price, and each electric vehicle owner decides whether to charge/discharge based on their benefits. The proposed system is implemented on Hyperledger Fabric. Participants, assets, transactions, and smart contracts are defined and discussed. Two scenarios are considered. The first scenario represents energy trading between electric vehicles as sellers and the PLLC as a buyer, while the second scenario involves energy trading between electric vehicles as buyers and the PLLC as a seller. The proposed platform provides profits for participants, as well as enables balancing for the university load demand locally.

scholarly journals Applications of Blockchain Technology in Clinical Trials: Review and Open Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhaam Omar ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Samer Ellahham
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
True Value ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

<p>Blockchain technology has disclosed unprecedented opportunities in the healthcare sector by unlocking the true value of interoperability. Specifically, the striking features of blockchain technology, such as data provenance, transparency, decentralized transaction validation, and immutability can help to compensate for stringent data management issues (e.g., patient recruitment, persistent monitoring, data management, and data analytics and accurate reporting) in clinical trials (CTs). Although several research studies show that blockchain solutions help to improve patient retention, data integrity, privacy, and ensure CTs compliance with regulatory policies, a comprehensive survey on this topic is lacking. In this survey, we provide insights into the adoption of blockchain technology in CTs. We categorize and classify the literature by devising a meticulous taxonomy of the decentralized tasks of CT and practices based on indispensable parameters. Furthermore, we provide insights on works in progress towards deploying blockchain solutions in CTs. Finally, we identify and discuss several challenges that hinder the successful implementation of blockchain technologies in CTs.</p>

scholarly journals Applications of Blockchain Technology in Clinical Trials: Review and Open Challenges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilhaam Omar ◽  
Raja Jayaraman ◽  
Khaled Salah ◽  
Ibrar Yaqoob ◽  
Samer Ellahham
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Data Management ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Retention Data ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
True Value ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

<p>Blockchain technology has disclosed unprecedented opportunities in the healthcare sector by unlocking the true value of interoperability. Specifically, the striking features of blockchain technology, such as data provenance, transparency, decentralized transaction validation, and immutability can help to compensate for stringent data management issues (e.g., patient recruitment, persistent monitoring, data management, and data analytics and accurate reporting) in clinical trials (CTs). Although several research studies show that blockchain solutions help to improve patient retention, data integrity, privacy, and ensure CTs compliance with regulatory policies, a comprehensive survey on this topic is lacking. In this survey, we provide insights into the adoption of blockchain technology in CTs. We categorize and classify the literature by devising a meticulous taxonomy of the decentralized tasks of CT and practices based on indispensable parameters. Furthermore, we provide insights on works in progress towards deploying blockchain solutions in CTs. Finally, we identify and discuss several challenges that hinder the successful implementation of blockchain technologies in CTs.</p>

scholarly journals Decentralizing Supply Chain Anti-Counterfeiting and Traceability Systems Using Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Neo C. K. Yiu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
Blockchain Technology

An interesting research problem in the supply chain industry is evaluating and determining the provenance of physical goods—demonstrating the authenticity of luxury goods such as bottled wine. However, many supply chain systems and networks have been built and implemented with centralized system architecture, relying on centralized authorities or any form of intermediary, and leading to issues such as single-point processing, storage and failure, which could be susceptible to malicious modifications to product records or various potential attacks to system components by dishonest participant nodes traversing along the supply chain. Blockchain technology has evolved from merely being a decentralized, distributed and immutable ledger of cryptocurrency transactions to a programmable interactive environment for building decentralized and reliable applications addressing different use-cases and existing problems in the world. In this research, with a chosen research method of proof-by-demonstration, the Decentralized NFC-Enabled Anti-Counterfeiting System (dNAS) is proposed and developed, decentralizing a legacy anti-counterfeiting system of the supply-chain industry using Blockchain technology to facilitate trustworthy data provenance retrieval, verification and management, as well as strengthening the capability of the product’s anti-counterfeiting and traceability qualities in the wine industry, with the capacity to further extend this to the supply chain industry as a whole. The proposed dNAS utilizes a decentralized blockchain network with a consensus protocol compatible with the concept of enterprise blockchain, programmable smart contracts and a distributed file storage system to develop a secure and immutable scientific-data provenance tracking and management platform on which provenance records, providing compelling properties of the data integrity of luxurious goods, are recorded, verified and validated automatically.

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