scholarly journals The Architecture of the Enlightenment and the Birth of Modernity: from the High Baroque to Late Classicism

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-46
Author(s):  
Dmitry Shvidkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Architectural Theory ◽  
Sustainable Architecture ◽  
English Revolution ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Natural Man ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Contemporary Architecture

The article is devoted to the architecture of the Enlightenment in a broad sense. The author is convinced that this period is the time of the beginning of Modernity, the birth of the Early Modern Times architecture. He thinks that the cycle of the development of humanity, which architecture has been expressing most clearly of all other arts since the 17th century - the epoch of the English Revolution, has not ended yet. The ideas developed at that time continue to exist in our minds. They are still actual for contemporary architecture, developing it and solving the problems established at our civilization’s birth. The most contemporary ideas: of the sustainable architecture, natural, biologically orientated, friendly to the environment, which create the world of the perfect natural man preserving the ideals of the Ancients and the Moderns, creativity, and technologies – they are all directly linked to the ideas which were on the agenda of the architectural theory of England, France, Russia, Italy, Germany of the Age of Enlightenment. They were put into practice in the implemented designs of those times. The panorama of the European art of building, including Russian as one of the central laboratories of the Enlightenment during which the vast country’s territory underwent reforms, is truly gigantic. The author cites the main theories of the period in question. He shows one of the main qualities of the art of architecture from the High Baroque style to the Late Classicism, and further – up to postmodernism and even sustainable architecture: the attempt to create the environment, in which architecture would emphasize different aspects of meaning, would become architecture parlante as Claude Ledoux said. The interaction of several stylistic trends took place during the implementation of the stated process. In this process, the author underlines the importance of the Baroque’s universal character and the ideology of the Enlightenment, which gave birth to the “clever choice” of architectural forms.

Wangara, Akan and Portuguese in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. I. The matter of Bitu

1982 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivor Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Late Fifteenth

In late medieval and early modern times West Africa was one of the principal suppliers of gold to the world bullion market. In this context the Matter of Bitu is one of much importance. Bitu lay on the frontiers of the Malian world and was one of its most flourishing gold marts. So much is clear from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century writings, both African and European. A review of this body of evidence indicates that the gold trade at Bitu was controlled by the Wangara, who played a central role in organizing trade between the Akan goldfields and the towns of the Western Sudan. It is shown that Bitu cannot be other than Bighu (Begho, Bew, etc.), the abandoned Wangara town lying on the northwestern fringes of the Akan forest country, which is known (from excavation) to have flourished in the relevant period. In the late fifteenth century the Portuguese established posts on the southern shores of the Akan country, so challenging the monopolistic position which the Wangara had hitherto enjoyed in the gold trade. The Portuguese sent envoys to Mali, presumably to negotiate trade agreements. The bid was apparently unsuccessful. The struggle for the Akan trade in the sixteenth century between Portuguese and Malian interests will be treated in the second part of this paper.

scholarly journals Géographies symboliques

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Corin Braga ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Fictional Worlds ◽  
Early Modern Times

Over the past few decades, cultural studies have embraced concepts and methodologies set forth by the new fields of inquiry brought about by the “spatial turn”. These new disciplines combine knowledge from the domains of geography and literature in an interdisciplinary way. In my paper I propose to go beyond this dialogue between disciplines to the roots of both geographical and literary representations, that is, I aim to discuss the geographical imaginary. Resorting to concepts from the theory of fictional worlds, I will make a distinction between “realistic” or “mimetic” geographies, “symbolic” geographies, “fictional geographies”, and “allegorical” geographies. I am primarily interested in symbolic geographies and the non-empirical criteria which produced, especially during ancient, medieval and early modern times, cartographical and literary representations of the world that might appear to be fantastical nowadays, but that were nonetheless considered adequate in their respective epoch

scholarly journals A BRUXARIA NOS TEMPOS MODERNOS – SINTOMA DE CRISE NA TRANSIÇÃO PARA A MODERNIDADE

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Johann Mainka
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
In The Beginning

Este artigo pretende apresentar algumas informações básicas sobre o fenômeno da bruxaria, um fenômeno específico dos Tempos Modernos que surgiu a partir do início do século XV unindo a feitiçaria da Antigüidade e da Idade Média com o delito da heresia. A teoria e prática jurídica daquele tempo, incluindo a aplicação legítima de torturas, contribuíram muito para a disseminação da bruxaria na Europa. A partir do fim do século XVII, com o surgimento do Iluminismo, encerrou-se, definitivamente, este fenômeno da bruxaria, que tinha se manifestado, muito diferentemente, nos países europeus. A bruxaria pode ser interpretada como um sintoma de crise na transição do mundo medieval para o mundo moderno. Abstract This paper intends to present some basic information on the phenomenon of witchcraft, a specific phenomenon of the Early Modern Times, which came out in the beginning of the 15th century, unifying the sorcery of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages with the crime of heresy. The theory and practise of justice from that period, including the legitimate application of tortures, contributed very much to the spread of the witchcraft throughout in Europe. Since the 17th century, with the emergence of the Enlightenment, the phenomenon of witchcraft, whose appearances had been very diferent in the european states, ceased definitively. Witchcraft can be interpreted as a symptom of the transition from the medieval world to the modern world.

La otredad: ¿real o inventada? El caso de las brujas

1999 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Elia Nathan Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The One ◽  
In Virtue Of

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. On the one hand, it offers a general analysis of stigmas (a person has one when, in virtue of its belonging to a certain group, such as that of women, homosexuals, etc., he or she is subjugated or persecuted). On the other hand, I argue that stigmas are “invented”. More precisely, I claim that they are not descriptive of real inequalities. Rather, they are socially created, or invented in a lax sense, in so far as the real differences to which they refer are socially valued or construed as negative, and used to justify social inequalities (that is, the placing of a person in the lower positions within an economic, cultural, etc., hierarchy), or persecutions. Finally, I argue that in some cases, such as that of the witch persecution of the early modern times, we find the extreme situation in which a stigma was invented in the strict sense of the word, that is, it does not have any empirical content.

Shakespeare’s Dancing Bodies

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-196
Author(s):  
Brandon Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Dance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Somatic Psychology ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Romeo And Juliet ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Times

Romeo’s well-known excuse that he cannot dance because he has soles of lead is demonstrative of the autonomous volitional quality Shakespeare ascribes to body parts, his utilization of humoral somatic psychology, and the horizontally divided body according to early modern dance practice and theory. This chapter considers the autonomy of and disagreement between the body parts and the unruliness of the humors within Shakespeare’s dramas, particularly Romeo and Juliet. An understanding of the body as a house of conflicting parts can be applied to the feet of the dancing body in early modern times, as is evinced not only by literary texts, but dance manuals as well. The visuality dominating the dance floor provided opportunity for social advancement as well as ridicule, as contemporary sources document. Dance practice is compared with early modern swordplay in their shared approaches to the training and social significance of bodily proportion and rhythm.

The Role of War in Modern Inflation

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl J. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
World War ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Deficit Financing ◽  
Early Modern Times

Wars in early modern times, although frequent, generated little price inflation because of their limited demands on real resources. The invention of paper currency and the resort to deficit financing to pay for wars changed that situation. In recent centuries wars have been the principal causes of inflation, although since World War II programs of social welfare unmatched by offsetting taxation have also fueled inflationary flames.

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