Central Corneal Thickness in Females Using Oral Contraceptive Pills

Purpose: To compare the central corneal thickness in females using oral contraceptive pills (OCP) with age matched controls. Study Design: Descriptive Observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of ophthalmology, University of Lahore teaching hospital, from August 2018 to December 2018. Material and Methods: Fifty-one females who used OCP within last one year and 38 age-matched controls were included in this study after approval from the ethical review board. Females with any systemic disease, pregnancy and lactating mothers were excluded from the study. Females with ocular diseases, like trachoma, cataract, keratitis, uveitis, corneal dystrophies, Keratoglobus, Keratoconus, ocular trauma, and high refractive errors were also excluded. Each subject underwent full ocular examination including best-corrected visual acuity using Snellen acuity chart and Bio-microscopic examination of anterior segment and the fundus. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured with ultrasonic pachymeter and the intraocular pressure was measured with noncontact tonometer at the time of examination. The data was collected by self-designed proforma and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results: Mean age of the females using OCP was 31.4 ± 6.8 years and mean age of age-matched controls was 32.9 ± 5.5 years (p = 0.38). Mean Central corneal thickness values were higher in OCP group when compared to controls (541.8 ± 31.39μm and 518.7 ± 36.7 μm, respectively). P value was 0.004, which was statistically significant. The mean IOP value was 14.5 ± 2.6 mm Hg in OCP group and 14.4 ± 2.8 mm Hg in the control group (P = 0.86), which was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Central corneal thickness values are significantly higher in patients using OCP.

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Impact of oral contraceptive pills on central corneal thickness in young women

Indian Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.4103/0253-7613.194860 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 665 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

BengiEce Kurtul ◽

Besime Inal ◽

PinarAltiaylik Ozer ◽

EmrahUtku Kabatas

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Young Women ◽

Central Corneal Thickness ◽

Corneal Thickness ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills

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Ormeloxifene versus combined oral contraceptive pills to control blood loss in cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding

International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20195343 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 4909

Author(s):

Ankita Gupta ◽

Rishika Raj

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Blood Loss ◽

Endometrial Thickness ◽

Uterine Bleeding ◽

Menstrual Blood ◽

Control Group ◽

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Combined Oral Contraceptive ◽

Contraceptive Pills

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is one of the most often encountered gynecologic problems causing anemia, reduced quality of life and unnecessary hysterectomies. A prospective study was conducted on women with DUB to study the effect of ormeloxifene versus combined oral contraceptive pills in controlling blood loss in them.Methods: 100 Women with DUB were enrolled randomly in three groups. After baseline assessment each patient in group A was treated with iron tablets, containing 100 mg elemental iron and folic acid 1.5 mg, for three months and were termed as control group. Group B patients were treated with ormeloxifene in dose of 60 mg twice a week for twelve weeks. Group C patients were treated with combined oral contraceptive pills for twenty- one days starting from third day of their LMP. The treatment was continued for three consecutive cycles. The efficacy of the studied drugs was analyzed by comparing the baseline and post treatment PBAC score, haemoglobin level and endometrial thickness, using appropriate statistical tests.Results: Ormeloxifene was more effective than only iron or combined oral contraceptive therapy in controlling menstrual blood loss (79.11% versus 58.57%). There was a reduction in endometrial thickness in group receiving ormeloxifene as well as in the group receiving combined oral contraceptive pills (p=0.486), however this was statistically not significant.Conclusions: Ormeloxifene was significantly better than combined OCP in reduction of menstrual blood flow in cases of DUB. It has better compliance and marked improvement in subjective symptoms as compared to OCP.

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Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Tear Film Status and Intraocular Pressure

Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.36351/pjo.v37i2.1069 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Zeeshan Kamil ◽

Qirat Qurban ◽

Khalid Mahmood

Keyword(s):

Intraocular Pressure ◽

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Tear Film ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Group A ◽

Break Up ◽

Group B ◽

Strip Test

Purpose: To find out the effect of oral contraceptive pills on tear film and intraocular pressure of women of reproductive age group. Study Design: Observational study. Place and Duration of Study: Khalid Eye clinic, Karachi, from February 2019 to January 2020. Methods: Eighty females between the 20 to 40 years of age were recruited for this study. They were divided into two groups of forty each. Group A included females using oral contraceptive pills for at least last nine months. Whereas, group B included control group of age matched females not using any contraceptive pills. The study dynamics was explained to all participants and informed consent was obtained. Tear film status was assessed on the basis of Tear film break up time (TBUT) on slit lamp examination and Schirmer strip test 2 (without anesthesia). Intraocular pressures were checked using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Studywas approvedfrom ethical review committee of the hospital. Results: Mean age was 29.3 ± 3.27 years. Tear film break up time was < 7 ± 1.5 sec in group A and > 10 ± 1.2 sec in group B. Schirmer strip test was ≤ 9 ± 1 mm of wetting in group A and ≥ 13 ± 1 mm of wetting in group B. Mean intraocular pressure was 17 ± 2 mmHg in group A whereas 13 ± 2 mmHg in group B. Grittiness, heaviness and foreign body sensation were more common in group A. Conclusion: Use of oral contraceptive pills has an adverse effect on the tear film status and intraocular pressures. Key Words: Oral contraceptive pills, Tear film, TBUT, Schirmer’s test, Intraocular pressure.

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The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on The Macula, the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, The Ganglion Cell Layer and The Choroidal Thickness

10.21203/rs.2.9498/v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yasmine Maher Shaaban ◽

Tamer Abdel-Fattah Badran

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Nerve Fiber ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

One Year

Abstract Background To evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer ( GCL), and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods In this prospective observational cross-sectional study, 60 eyes of 30 healthy women taking mono phasic OCP (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) for contraception for at least one year were compared with 60 eyes of a control group of 30 healthy women who were not taking any OCP. Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) was used to evaluate the macula, the RNFL, the GCL, and the CT. Measurements were taken in the follicular phase (day 3) of the last menstrual cycle in all women. The body mass index (BMI) scores of all participants were also recorded. Results No disparity in terms of age and BMI between both groups was observed (p=0.444, p=0.074, respectively). All the macular parameters measurements were considerably lower in the OCP group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Also, the RNFL thickness, the GCL thickness, and the CT were all significantly thinner in the OCP group (p<0.001). Conclusions The use of OCP can cause significant changes in the retina and choroid thickness over one year period. The women who are using OCP for a longer duration could have some eye problems. OCT should be routinely done for follow up. Further long term studies are required, using different preparations of OCP. It is important to find out when this thickness alterations can be clinically significant or symptomatic and if these changes are reversible or not. Keywords Oral Contraceptive, Macula, Nerve fiber, Ganglion, Choroid, Ocular Coherence Tomography.

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The effect of oral contraceptive pills on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer, the ganglion cell layer and the choroidal thickness

BMC Ophthalmology ◽

10.1186/s12886-019-1263-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yasmine Maher Shaaban ◽

Tamer Abdel Fattah Badran

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Ganglion Cell ◽

Nerve Fiber ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills

Abstract Backgroun To evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods In this prospective observational cross-sectional study, 60 eyes of 30 healthy women taking monophasic OCP (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) for contraception for at least 1 year were compared with 60 eyes of a control group of 30 healthy women who were not taking any OCP. Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) was used to evaluate the macula, the RNFL, the GCL, and the CT. Measurements were taken in the follicular phase (day 3) of the last menstrual cycle in all women. The body mass index (BMI) scores of all participants were also recorded. Results No disparity in terms of age and BMI between both groups was observed (p = 0.444, p = 0.074, respectively). All the macular parameters measurements were considerably lower in the OCP group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Also, the RNFL thickness, the GCL thickness, and the CT were all significantly thinner in the OCP group (p < 0.001). Conclusions The use of OCP can cause significant changes in the retina and choroid thickness over 1 year period. The women who are using OCP for a longer duration could have some eye problems. OCT should be routinely done for follow up. Further long term studies are required, using different preparations of OCP. It is important to find out when this thickness alterations can be clinically significant or symptomatic and if these changes are reversible or not.

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Acceptability, side-effects and discontinuation of second and third-generation oral contraceptive pills in Bangladesh: A quasi-experimental study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47147/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mahbub Elahi Chowdhury ◽

Andrea Youta Wamen ◽

Shafayatul Islam Shiblee ◽

Md. Mahbub Ul Alam ◽

Md Niajur Rahman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Side Effects ◽

Health Workers ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pill ◽

Control Group ◽

Third Generation ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Quasi Experimental

Abstract Background The third-generation oral contraceptive pill (3G-OCP) has improved side-effect profile compared to the second-generation (2G-OCP). In Bangladesh, comparative data on these two generations of OCPs is nonexistent. This study aimed to compare acceptability, side-effects and discontinuation rates between 3G- and 2G-OCPs. Methods This quasi-experimental study was conducted from October 2017 to June 2018 in two unions of one sub-district in Bangladesh. From each intervention and control unions, 1400 women were enrolled after screening for selection criteria. All the women in the intervention union received 3G-OCP while those in the control union had 2G-OCP. Women from both the groups were provided six cycles of OCPs, two at enrollment, and two each at two subsequent home-visits at 2-months apart by the health workers. Data was collected thrice: immediately after enrolment, and two subsequent follow-up visits at 2-months interval by the study interviewers. Life table analysis was done to compare cumulative discontinuation rates and Hazard Ratio (HR) was estimated for likelihood of discontinuation of 3G-OCP as compared to 2G-OCP due to side-effects. Results After 24-weeks of enrollment, 69.1% (n=967) of the women from the intervention and 58.0% (n=812) from the control group continued with the method. The major reason for discontinuation was pill use-related side-effects (3G-OCP: 20.4% vs. 2G-OCP: 19.5%). Initially, the reported side-effects for 3G-OCP were higher than those for 2G-OCP (47.3% vs. 33.2%). However, after 24-weeks of use, the corresponding figures became similar (9.5% vs. 8.7%). The cumulative discontinuation rate due to side-effects was 22.8% and 25.2% for 3G- and 2G-OCP respectively which was not statistically significant (p=0.14). After adjusting for potential covariates, the likelihood of discontinuation of 3G-OCP was 14% lower (HR=0.86, p=0.075) than 2G-OCP which was statically significant at 10% level. The study observed three deaths (one in intervention and two in control), of which one death in the control group was due to stroke. Conclusion The 3G-OCP was less likely to be discontinued than the 2G-OCP due to side effects. After 24-weeks of use the reported side-effects of the two types of OCPs was similar. However, one stroke-related-mortality due to use of 2G-OCP, demanded further larger studies.

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Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on Oxidative Stress in Saudi women

Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences ◽

10.22317/jcms.v7i2.956 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nadia N. Osman ◽

Dalal Mhammed Al-Mutairi

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Hematological Parameters ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Saudi Women ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Total Antioxidant

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills on oxidative stress in Saudi women. Methods: A total of fifty-five Saudi women were divided into two groups: users of oral contraceptive pills (OCP, N=30) for at least one year and non-users (NOCP, N=25). The demographic data were obtained through face-to-face interviews performed by the researcher. Blood specimen from both groups were drawn after 8 hours of fasting to estimate serum Total antioxidant (TAOC), Nitric oxide (NO), C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamins (E, B6, B12) and some hematological parameters: hemoglobin (Hb), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC). Results: The results showed a significant decreased in serum TAOC, NO, vitamins E and B6 accompanied with high significant increase in CRP level while no significant changes B12, HB, RBC and WBC were observed in the OCP users as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the use of OCP resulted in low levels of the total antioxidant, nitric oxide, vitamin E, and B6 with a significant increase in CRP. Women who used OCP may be more susceptible to oxidative stress by enhanced depletion of antioxidants.

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The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Macula, the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, The Ganglion Cell layer and The Choroidal Thickness

10.21203/rs.2.9498/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yasmine Maher Shaaban ◽

Tamer Abdel-Fattah Badran

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Ganglion Cell ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

One Year

Abstract Background To evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer ( GCL), and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods In this prospective observational cross-sectional study, 60 eyes of 30 healthy women taking monophasic OCP (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) for contraception for at least one year were compared with 60 eyes of a control group of 30 healthy women who were not taking any OCP. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) was used to evaluate the macula, the RNFL, the GCL, and the CT. Measurements were taken in the follicular phase (day 3) of the last menstrual cycle in all women. Results No disparity in terms of age between both groups was observed (p=0.444). All the macular parameters measurements were considerably lower in the OCP group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Also, the RNFL thickness, the GCL thickness, and the CT were all significantly thinner in the OCP group (p<0.001). Conclusions The use of OCP can cause significant changes in the retina and choroid thickness over one year period. The women who are using OCP for longer duration could have some eye problems. OCT should be routinely done for follow up. Further long term studies are required, using different preparations of OCP. It is important to find out when this thickness alterations can be clinically significant or symptomatic and if these changes are reversible or not.

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The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Macula, the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, The Ganglion Cell layer and The Choroidal Thickness

10.21203/rs.2.9498/v2 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Yasmine Maher Shaaban ◽

Tamer Abdel-Fattah Badran

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Nerve Fiber ◽

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Ganglion Cell Layer ◽

Cell Layer ◽

Control Group ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

One Year

Abstract p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 10.0px 'Times New Roman'} p.p2 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 6.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 10.0px 'Times New Roman'} p.p3 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 12.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify; font: 10.0px 'Times New Roman'} span.s1 {letter-spacing: 0.0px} AbstractBackground To evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer ( GCL), and the choroidal thickness (CT).Methods In this prospective observational cross-sectional study, 60 eyes of 30 healthy women taking monophasic OCP (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) for contraception for at least one year were compared with 60 eyes of a control group of 30 healthy women who were not taking any OCP. Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) was used to evaluate the macula, the RNFL, the GCL, and the CT. Measurements were taken in the follicular phase (day 3) of the last menstrual cycle in all women. The body mass index (BMI) scores of all participants were also recorded.Results No disparity in terms of age and BMI between both groups was observed (p=0.444, p=0.074, respectively). All the macular parameters measurements were considerably lower in the OCP group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Also, the RNFL thickness, the GCL thickness, and the CT were all significantly thinner in the OCP group (p<0.001).Conclusions The use of OCP can cause significant changes in the retina and choroid thickness over one year period. The women who are using OCP for a longer duration could have some eye problems. OCT should be routinely done for follow up. Further long term studies are required, using different preparations of OCP. It is important to find out when this thickness alterations can be clinically significant or symptomatic and if these changes are reversible or not.Keywords Oral Contraceptive, Macula, Nerve fiber, Ganglion, Choroid, Ocular Coherence Tomography.

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The Effect of Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills on Beclin-1 and LC3B Transcript Levels in Ovarian Endometrioma

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/5519538 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Wanwisa Waiyaput ◽

Ongarj Bovornsakulvong ◽

Srithean Lertvikool ◽

Areepan Sophonsritsuk

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Ethinyl Estradiol ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽

Combined Oral Contraceptive ◽

Contraceptive Pills ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Endometriotic Cyst

Background. Autophagy is likely altered in patients with endometriosis. Ovarian steroid hormones seem to affect this changing of the autophagic process. Objective. To study the effect of combined oral contraceptive (COC) pills on the expression of autophagic-related gene BECN1 and LC3B in the ectopic and eutopic endometria of patients with endometriosis. Material and Methods. The present quasiexperimental study recruited 36 women (18–45 years old) with endometrioma and nonendometrioma who were scheduled for surgery. Patients with endometrioma were randomly assigned to either a no-treatment group ( n = 12 ) or a COC group ( n = 12 ). The COC group was prescribed a daily oral pill composed of 3 mg drospirenone and 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol for 6 weeks before surgery. The control group ( n = 12 ) was composed of women without endometrioma. Ectopic endometriotic and endometrium tissues were collected from the no-treatment and COC groups, whereas the only endometrium was collected from the control group. These tissues were used for real-time PCR to measure the expression of the BECN1 and LC3B genes. Results. The baseline demographic data were not different among the three groups. The BECN1 gene expression in endometrium tissue in the COC group was significantly less than that in the no-treatment and control groups ( P = 0.011 and 0.029, respectively). No significant difference of endometriotic cyst BECN1 and LC3B gene expression was found between COC and no treatment. Conclusions. Oral COC pills for 6 weeks continuously before surgery decreased the eutopic endometrial expression (mRNA) of the BECN1 gene compared to those from healthy normal women and nontreated patients with an endometriotic cyst. The change in the expression of autophagy-related genes was more distinct in eutopic than ectopic endometria. This trial is registered with TCTR20170720002. Registered and enrolled the first patient on 20 July 2017.

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