scholarly journals A study of analogue traumatic flashbacks in a week: Effects of vulnerable personality traits of PTSD, working memory abilities and peritraumatic cognitive processing

2022 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Ming WANG ◽  
Qiwu SUN ◽  
Jing LIU ◽  
Zhihong REN ◽  
Guangrong JIANG
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Processing

Skipping Breakfast Affects the Early Steps of Cognitive Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Andrés Antonio González-Garrido ◽  
Jacobo José Brofman-Epelbaum ◽  
Fabiola Reveca Gómez-Velázquez ◽  
Sebastián Agustín Balart-Sánchez ◽  
Julieta Ramos-Loyo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Electrical Brain Activity ◽  
Skipping Breakfast

Abstract. It has been generally accepted that skipping breakfast adversely affects cognition, mainly disturbing the attentional processes. However, the effects of short-term fasting upon brain functioning are still unclear. We aimed to evaluate the effect of skipping breakfast on cognitive processing by studying the electrical brain activity of young healthy individuals while performing several working memory tasks. Accordingly, the behavioral results and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) of 20 healthy university students (10 males) were obtained and compared through analysis of variances (ANOVAs), during the performance of three n-back working memory (WM) tasks in two morning sessions on both normal (after breakfast) and 12-hour fasting conditions. Significantly fewer correct responses were achieved during fasting, mainly affecting the higher WM load task. In addition, there were prolonged reaction times with increased task difficulty, regardless of breakfast intake. ERP showed a significant voltage decrement for N200 and P300 during fasting, while the amplitude of P200 notably increased. The results suggest skipping breakfast disturbs earlier cognitive processing steps, particularly attention allocation, early decoding in working memory, and stimulus evaluation, and this effect increases with task difficulty.

scholarly journals Freeze or forget? Virtual attack effects in an Emotional Sternberg Task

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-358
Author(s):  
Thomas Edward Gladwin ◽  
Matthijs Vink
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Warning Signals ◽  
Emotional Interference ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Sternberg Task

Emotionally salient stimuli have the ability to disrupt cognitive processing. This kind of disruption involves effects on working memory and may be related to mental health problems. To explore the nature of such emotional interference on working memory, a Virtual Attack Emotional Sternberg Task (VAEST) was used. Neutral faces were presented as distractors and warning signals, which were sometimes followed by a virtual attack, created by having the neutral face turn angry while the image was enlarged. The attack was hypothesized to have one of two effects: to disrupt cognitive processing and thereby increase interference effects, or to terminate a state of freezing and thereby reduce interference effects. The task was successfully completed online by a sample of 59 students. Results clearly show that the virtual attack caused a reduction of interference relative to no-attack trials. The apparent cognitive disruption caused by emotional distractors may thus reflect freezing, which can be reversed by a freeze-terminating stimulus.

A Framework for Emergent Emotions, Based on Motivation and Cognitive Modulators

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joscha Bach
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Functional Realization ◽  
Affective Dynamics ◽  
Emotional Agents

Although traditional appraisal models have been successful tools for describing and formalizing the behavior of emotional agents, they have little to say about the functional realization of affect and emotion within the cognitive processing of these agents. The cognitive architecture MicroPsi addresses emotion and motivation by defining pre-requisites over which affective dynamics and goal-seeking emerge. Here, these pre-requisites are explained in detail, along with a possible approach of using them to model personality traits.

scholarly journals Violence exposure and neural systems underlying working memory for emotional stimuli in youth

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1517-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Jenness ◽  
Maya L. Rosen ◽  
Kelly A. Sambrook ◽  
Meg J. Dennison ◽  
Hilary K. Lambert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Violence Exposure ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Middle Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Left Middle

AbstractViolence exposure during childhood is common and associated with poor cognitive and academic functioning. However, little is known about how violence exposure influences cognitive processes that might contribute to these disparities, such as working memory, or their neural underpinnings, particularly for cognitive processes that occur in emotionally salient contexts. We address this gap in a sample of 54 participants aged 8 to 19 years (50% female), half with exposure to interpersonal violence. Participants completed a delayed match to sample task for emotional faces while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Violence-exposed youth performed worse than controls on happy and neutral, but not angry, trials. In whole-brain analysis, violence-exposed youth had reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus and right intraparietal sulcus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus and temporal–parietal junction during retrieval compared to control youth. Reduced activation in the left middle frontal gyrus during encoding and the left superior temporal sulcus during retrieval mediated the association between violence exposure and task performance. Violence exposure influences the frontoparietal network that supports working memory as well as regions involved in facial processing during working memory for emotional stimuli. Reduced neural recruitment in these regions may explain atypical patterns of cognitive processing seen among violence-exposed youth, particularly within emotional contexts.

T153 SHIELDING COGNITIVE PROCESSING FROM DISTRACTION FROM PAIN WITH WORKING MEMORY

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 30-30
Author(s):  
V. Legrain ◽  
G. Crombez ◽  
L. Plaghki ◽  
A. Mouraux
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing

scholarly journals No Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns for the working memory and intelligence relationship

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Kroczek ◽  
Michał Ociepka ◽  
Adam Chuderski
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Diminishing Returns

AbstractSpearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) holds that correlation between general (g)/fluid (Gf) intelligence factor and other cognitive abilities weakens with increasing ability level. Thus, cognitive processing in low ability people is most strongly saturated by g/Gf, whereas processing in high ability people depends less on g/Gf. Numerous studies demonstrated that low g is more strongly correlated with crystallized intelligence/creativity/processing speed than is high g, however no study tested an analogous effect in the case of working memory (WM). Our aim was to investigate SLODR for the relationship between Gf and WM capacity, using a large data set from our own previous studies. We tested alternative regression models separately for three types of WM tasks that tapped short-term memory storage, attention control, and relational integration, respectively. No significant SLODR effect was found for any of these tasks. Each task shared with Gf virtually the same amount of variance in the case of low- and high-ability people. This result suggests that Gf and WM rely on one and the same (neuro)cognitive mechanism.

Laterality of Lesions and Trait-Anxiety on Working Memory Performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. S. Killgore
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Cerebral Activation ◽  
The Right

An asymmetry of anterior cerebral activation favoring the right hemisphere has been associated with dispositional negative affect including trait-anxiety, while the opposite appears true of cerebral asymmetry favoring the left hemisphere. It was hypothesized that an asymmetry of cerebral activation, as defined by scores on a measure of trait-anxiety, ipsilateral to the side of an anterior brain lesion would be associated with less efficient cognitive processing than greater activation in the hemisphere contralateral to the lesion. Patients with anterior left ( n = 16) or right ( n = 15) hemisphere lesions completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and several neurocognitive tasks. Of the abilities tested, only Digit Span scores showed an interaction between side of lesion and presumed activation asymmetry. Patients with right- but not with left-hemisphere damage showed significant differences in working memory performance depending on the presumed direction of asymmetry of the two hemispheres, supporting the dual roles of the right hemisphere in affective processing and directed attention.

scholarly journals Emotional Facial Processing: Does Cognitive Load Make a Difference?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsie Ong ◽  
Rick Law Tsz Chun
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Facial Processing

<p>The manuscript is titled ‘Emotional facial processing: does cognitive load make a difference?’ and it describes a research study that measures how emotion and distraction of different cognitive loads may impact working memory performance. The findings show that cognitive load on working memory performance, with poorer working memory performance in the high compared to the low level of distraction. However, no effects of emotional faces were found on task performance. The work therefore has significance with regard to cognitive processing and working memory span.</p>

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of working memory impairment in autism spectrum disorders

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Wang
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by executive dysfunction, and working memory (WM) is one of the core components of executive function. Many studies have examined WM impairment in individuals with ASD, however, conclusive agreement has not yet been reached. The present study provided a meta-analytic review of WM impairment in individuals with ASD and explored potential moderating variables of this problem. A total of 29 studies were included in this study, and the participants comprised 862 individuals with ASD and 899 healthy controls. Significant WM impairment (Cohen’s d = -0.63) was found in individuals with ASD, however the impairment was not found to be associated with age. A number of moderation analyses showed that: (a) spatial WM was more severely impaired than verbal WM; and (b) component of cognitive processing (maintenance vs. maintenance plus manipulation) did not affect WM impairment. These findings suggest that WM is impaired in individuals with ASD and may have implications for intervention of WM impairment in these individuals.

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