Stephanie Cain Van D’Elden. Tristan and Isolde: Medieval Illustrations of the Verse Romances. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2016. 462 pp., 538 Ill.

Mediaevistik ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
Christopher R. Clason
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
To Come ◽  
Verse Romances ◽  
Tristan And Isolde

Stephanie Cain Van D’Elden’s prodigious volume on illustrations of the Tristan materials fills a gap in research on the Tristan illustrations by providing a single, authoritative resource for them. As the author explains, its purpose is quite simply “to list all the extant manuscripts, artefacts, and objets d’art, and to describe all the scenes depicted on them” (3). Building upon previous studies of illustrations by literary critics and art historians over the past century, including works by Hella Frühmorgen-Voss, Norbert H. Ott, and Robert Sherman and Laura Hibbard Loomis, as well as the exhibition of Arthurian art and literature in Leuven at the XVth Congress of the International Arthurian Society in 1987, Van D’Elden collected over 500 images from the broad span of Tristan sources, identifying them according to the manuscripts or objects which they adorn, as well as categorizing them by the specific scenes in the Tristan materials they depict. Van D’Elden’s efforts to organize and catalogue over 500 items, reproduced clearly and cleanly in fine detail, will serve as a valuable contribution for decades to come to our cross-disciplinary understanding of Tristan, one of the most important tales of the European Middle Ages.

Church Time and Astrological Time in the Waning Middle Ages

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 117-132
Author(s):  
Hilary M. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adam And Eve ◽  
Primary Qualities ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Scientific Claims ◽  
To Come

Time, according to medieval theologians and philosophers, was experienced in radically different ways by God and by his creation. Indeed, the obligation to dwell in time, and therefore to have no sure knowledge of what was to come, was seen as one of the primary qualities which marked the post-lapsarian state. When Adam and Eve were cast out of the garden of delights, they entered a world afflicted with the changing of the seasons, in which they were obliged to work and consume themselves with the needs of the present day and the still unknown dangers of the next. Medieval concerns about the use and abuse of time were not merely confined to anxiety about the present, or awareness of seized or missed opportunities in the past. The future was equally worrying, in particular the extent to which this part of time was set aside for God alone, or whether it was permissible to seek to know the future, either through revelation and prophecy, or through science. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the scientific claims of astrology to provide a means to explain the outcome of past and future events, circumventing God’s distant authority, became more and more insistent. This paper begins by examining one skirmish in this larger battle over the control of the future.

A Christian experiment: the early Sierra Leone colony

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 107-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. Walls
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Church History ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Literary Genre ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Geometrical Progression

In the course of the past century the centre of gravity of the Christian world has shifted completely. Europe, once the centre, is now at best an outpost on the fringe of the Christian world, some would say an outpost likely to be overwhelmed. The great majority of Christians, and the overwhelming majority of practising Christians are, and are clearly going to be, Africans, Americans or Asians. And of these, the most startling expansion—the greatest Christian expansion since what were for Europe the Middle Ages—has been in Africa, where Christians have been increasing in geometrical progression, doubling their numbers every twelve years or so, for over a century. The greater part of African Church history, however, has still to be written. Hagiography we have in abundance, and hagiography, like mythology, is a valid literary genre; but (again like mythology) it is a poetic, not a scholarly category. Of missionary history we have a little, though very little in proportion to the vast resources which the missionary society archives supply; but missionary history is only one specialized part of African Church history; by far the greater part of African Christian life and African Christian expansion goes on, and has long gone on, without the presence, let alone the superintendence, of the European missionary.

Aristotle's Ethics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristotle Aristotle ◽  
Jonathan Barnes ◽  
Anthony Kenny ◽  
Jonathan Barnes ◽  
Anthony Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Ethical Thought ◽  
English Edition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aristotle's Ethics

Aristotle's moral philosophy is a pillar of Western ethical thought. It bequeathed to the world an emphasis on virtues and vices, happiness as well-being or a life well lived, and rationally motivated action as a mean between extremes. Its influence was felt well beyond antiquity into the Middle Ages, particularly through the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas. In the past century, with the rise of virtue theory in moral philosophy, Aristotle's ethics has been revived as a source of insight and interest. While most attention has traditionally focused on Aristotle's famous Nicomachean Ethics, there are several other works written by or attributed to Aristotle that illuminate his ethics: the Eudemian Ethics, the Magna Moralia, and Virtues and Vices. This book brings together all four of these important texts, in thoroughly revised versions of the translations found in the authoritative complete works universally recognized as the standard English edition. Edited and introduced by two of the world's leading scholars of ancient philosophy, this is an essential volume for anyone interested in the ethical thought of one of the most important philosophers in the Western tradition.

Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, and the Writing of History

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-423
Author(s):  
SEÁN FARRELL MORAN
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Great Book ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Professional Historian ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Johan Huizinga ◽  
Professional History ◽  
The Middle Ages

ABSTRACT Contemporary professional history does not train its practitioners to write works of genuine innovation. The commitment to archive-driven research and the need to establish a niche for one's research discourages originality. It also denies the validity of history which reveals the emotional engagement of the writer or appeals beyond the narrow confines of the professional historian. Johann Huizinga's work, especially his magnum opus The Waning of the Middle Ages, serves to remind us of how breathtaking and bold history can be. In print for eight decades, Huizinga's great book is loved outside of the halls of academe despite its inadequacies and stands as one of the most influential works of the past century.

The First Church of San Marco in Venice

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Warren
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present Form ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Bulk ◽  
Byzantine Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

In the past century there have been a number of proposed reconstructions of the First Church built in Venice to house the relics of Saint Mark, the Apostle. The proposal which follows differs from its predecessors in identifying the survival of the very large bulk of the original church. It holds that the ancient structure stands encapsulated within the surviving fabric (fig. 1) and thereby rediscovers, largely extant, the greatest Byzantine church of the Middle Ages, completed some time between 832 and 836 for Doge Giovanni Participacio (fig. 2). That church was generally held to have been destroyed by fire in 976, but rebuilt on similar lines by 978 only to have been taken down and rebuilt in its present form between 1063 and 1071 under Doge Domenico Contarini, the work continuing under Doge Vitale Falier. In the following account the Participaci church is described as the First and the Contarini-Falier church the Second. The intermediate reconstruction (976–8) is herein taken to have been a repair rather than a rebuilding. Finding that this first building still exists hidden within the second this paper suggests social reasons for its supposed loss.

scholarly journals On the question of the innervation of pupil movements

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (2) ◽  
pp. 142-196
Author(s):  
V. V. Chirkovsky
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solid Works ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One

Any researcher on the question of the innervation of the movements of the iris is involuntarily amazed, on the one hand, by the amazing abundance of works on this branch of physiology and, at the same time, solid works, produced by outstanding scientists, and on the other, not less than the amazing diversity of the prevailing views, even prevailing in the foundations of the study of pupillary movements. The last ten years of the past century have been the period of especially lively debates in literature on the most significant issues of this department and, it seems, will not be exaggerated, if we say that not one side of the question about the innervations of the movements of the pupil has not been left again. But from the review of these numerous works, it is difficult to come to no less than a definite, immutable conclusion on any issue.

Potential long-term consequences of school closures: Lessons from the 2013-2016 Ebola pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Dropout Rate ◽  
Past Century ◽  
School Closures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Marginalized Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
To Come

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented shutdown of society. Nearly 1.725 billion children across the globe have been affected as over 95% of countries closed schools as the virus spread in April 2020. Much attention has been given to school closures as non-pharmaceutical mitigation tools to stem the spread of the disease through ensuring social distancing. Within education, focus has been given to keep students connected through remote learning and the immediate needs of schools upon reopening. This study takes a longer-term view. Using Demographic Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys from before and after the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak in Guinea and Sierra Leone, this study examines changes in enrolment and dropout patterns, with targeted consideration given to traditionally marginalized groups. With schools closed for seven and nine months in the two countries, the length and intensity of the Ebola pandemic is the only health crises in the past century to come close to the school closures being experienced in 2020. Findings suggest that youth in the poorest households see the largest increase in dropout rates post-Ebola and that this impact can persist for years. Two years after being declared Ebola-free an additional 22,000 of the poorest secondary age youth remained out of school than would have been expected based on the pre-outbreak dropout rate. To halt the likely expansion in inequality post-pandemic, these results point to the need for longer term, sustainable planning that includes comprehensive financial support packages to groups most likely to be impacted.

scholarly journals Adaptation Strategies and Approaches for California Forest Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Swanston ◽  
Leslie A. Brandt ◽  
Patricia R. Butler-Leopold ◽  
Kimberly R. Hall ◽  
Maria K. Janowiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Ecosystems ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Fire Exclusion ◽  
To Come ◽  
Forest Conditions

Forest health has never been a more urgent concern in California. A variety of forest ecosystem types have experienced extraordinary combinations of stressors and disturbances over the past century, which have resulted in significant changes to forest conditions. Current conditions are a product of multiple interacting factors, including fire exclusion, historic logging practices, increased wildland-urban-interface expansion and, more recently, the effects associated with climate change. The intersection of the factors has led to high severity fire, drought linked mortality, and pest infestation and disease in the affected forests. It’s increasingly clear that the expected effects of climate change will further impact California forest ecosystems, potentially compelling and, in some cases, forcing the application of targeted adaptation strategies and approaches in the years and decades to come.

The zoonotic potential of bat-borne coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-381
Author(s):  
Ny Anjara Fifi Ravelomanantsoa ◽  
Sarah Guth ◽  
Angelo Andrianiaina ◽  
Santino Andry ◽  
Anecia Gentles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Past Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Host ◽  
Horseshoe Bat ◽  
Human Infections

Seven zoonoses — human infections of animal origin — have emerged from the Coronaviridae family in the past century, including three viruses responsible for significant human mortality (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) in the past twenty years alone. These three viruses, in addition to two older CoV zoonoses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63) are believed to be originally derived from wild bat reservoir species. We review the molecular biology of the bat-derived Alpha- and Betacoronavirus genera, highlighting features that contribute to their potential for cross-species emergence, including the use of well-conserved mammalian host cell machinery for cell entry and a unique capacity for adaptation to novel host environments after host switching. The adaptive capacity of coronaviruses largely results from their large genomes, which reduce the risk of deleterious mutational errors and facilitate range-expanding recombination events by offering heightened redundancy in essential genetic material. Large CoV genomes are made possible by the unique proofreading capacity encoded for their RNA-dependent polymerase. We find that bat-borne SARS-related coronaviruses in the subgenus Sarbecovirus, the source clade for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, present a particularly poignant pandemic threat, due to the extraordinary viral genetic diversity represented among several sympatric species of their horseshoe bat hosts. To date, Sarbecovirus surveillance has been almost entirely restricted to China. More vigorous field research efforts tracking the circulation of Sarbecoviruses specifically and Betacoronaviruses more generally is needed across a broader global range if we are to avoid future repeats of the COVID-19 pandemic.

PCSK9 inhibition for LDL lowering and beyond – implications for patients with peripheral artery disease

VASA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Gebauer ◽  
Holger Reinecke
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Ldl Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction ◽  
Simultaneous Application ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibition

Abstract. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been proven to be a causal factor of atherosclerosis and, along with other triggers like inflammation, the most frequent reason for peripheral arterial disease. Moreover, a linear correlation between LDL-C concentration and cardiovascular outcome in high-risk patients could be established during the past century. After the development of statins, numerous randomized trials have shown the superiority for LDL-C reduction and hence the decrease in cardiovascular outcomes including mortality. Over the past decades it became evident that more intense LDL-C lowering, by either the use of highly potent statin supplements or by additional cholesterol absorption inhibitor application, accounted for an even more profound cardiovascular risk reduction. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a serin protease with effect on the LDL receptor cycle leading to its degradation and therefore preventing continuing LDL-C clearance from the blood, is the target of a newly developed monoclonal antibody facilitating astounding LDL-C reduction far below to what has been set as target level by recent ESC/EAS guidelines in management of dyslipidaemias. Large randomized outcome trials including subjects with PAD so far have been able to prove significant and even more intense cardiovascular risk reduction via further LDL-C debasement on top of high-intensity statin medication. Another approach for LDL-C reduction is a silencing interfering RNA muting the translation of PCSK9 intracellularly. Moreover, PCSK9 concentrations are elevated in cells involved in plaque composition, so the potency of intracellular PCSK9 inhibition and therefore prevention or reversal of plaques may provide this mechanism of action on PCSK9 with additional beneficial effects on cells involved in plaque formation. Thus, simultaneous application of statins and PCSK9 inhibitors promise to reduce cardiovascular event burden by both LDL-C reduction and pleiotropic effects of both agents.

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