Variation in intra-annual wood formation, and foliage and shoot development of three major Canadian boreal tree species

Four coniferous and four deciduous commercial tree species from Northeastern ofChina were selected to investigate the differences ofmetabolites in wood-forming tissues bygas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the identified metabolites mainly consisted of neutral sugars, lipids, and organic acids. The mean contents of both arabinofuranose and 1-cyclohexene-1-carboxylic acid were higher in coniferous trees thanin deciduous ones. Similarly, the D-fructose and D-glucose content was significantly higherin coniferous trees than deciduous trees, but the total contents of these two sugars was roughly equal among most tree species. The mean content of lactic acid, glycerol and malic acid was lowerin coniferous trees than deciduous trees. The malic acid content decreased in later-stages of wood formation than in early-stagefor all tree species. The content of L-proline and myo-inositol was greater in later-stage of wood formation than early-stage.The contentof octadecanoic acid, D-fructose and D-glucose decreased in later-stage of wood formationfor most tree species. All of thissuggested that the metabolites in wood-forming tissues showed the significance of species-specific and seasonal dynamic differences among the eight tree species.

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Do polyembryonic seeds of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae) have advantages for seedling development?

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/1809-4392201801211 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 97-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Débora Najara de SOUZA FERREIRA ◽

José Luís Campana CAMARGO ◽

Isolde Dorothea Kossmann FERRAZ

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Seedling Development ◽

External Factors ◽

Initial Development ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Single Seed ◽

Seed Reserves

ABSTRACT Polyembryony is the differentiation and development of multiple embryos in a single seed. This characteristic can provide advantages, as more than one embryo is produced with the same amount of resources, and the probability of establishment of at least one seedling increases. However, sibling seedlings may also increase competition, affecting development and survival. In the present study, the possible advantages and disadvantages of polyembryony were analyzed in the initial establishment of seedlings of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), a tree species that produces monoembryonic or polyembryonic seeds. In this regard, the development of single seedlings was compared with a pair of seedlings emerging from polyembryonic seeds. We compared the development of seedlings attached to or detached from each other and to the seed resources. We observed two levels of competition: (a) for the seed reserves during germination and initial development, as multiple embryos of C. surinamensis share the same reserves, and (b) for external factors, mostly space for root and shoot development, and also for light. Reducing the competition for external factors by separating the siblings was not enough to reduce the effects of competition for seed reserves in the first six months of development. Nevertheless, viable seedlings were produced in all treatments. Thus, depending on sprout management in the nursery, the number of seedlings per seed can be significantly increased by detaching the seedlings, or more vigorous seedlings can be obtained when only one seedling is maintained.

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Seasonal cambial activity and wood formation in trees and lianas of Leguminosae growing in the Atlantic Forest: a comparative study

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2014-0198 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (4) ◽

pp. 211-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Arno Fritz das Neves Brandes ◽

Claudio Sergio Lisi ◽

Leonardo Davi S.A.B. da Silva ◽

Kishore S. Rajput ◽

Cláudia Franca Barros

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Secondary Xylem ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Montane Forest ◽

Vascular Cambium ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Indirect Methods ◽

Annual Growth Rings ◽

Direct And Indirect Methods

Cambial activity and the formation of secondary xylem were investigated in the main stem of three arboreal leguminous species and one liana. To compare the seasonal vascular cambium behavior of these species, two methods were concurrently applied: induction of injury in the vascular cambium and anatomical analysis of the vascular cambium and adjacent zones (differentiation zone). One tree species, Pseudopiptadenia contorta (DC.) G.P.Lewis & M.P.Lima, was sampled in three forest formations: alluvial, submontane, and montane. Two more tree species, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Macbr. and Pseudopiptadenia leptostachya (Benth.) Rauschert, were sampled in submontane and montane forest, respectively. Dalbergia frutescens (Vell.) Britton var. frutescens, a liana, was sampled in montane forest. All species investigated showed distinctive formation of annual growth rings. Reactivation of the vascular cambium was observed at the end of spring, and it remained active during the summer. Thereafter, cambial activity either ceased or declined dramatically at the end of autumn. Similar to the tree species studied, cambial activity in D. frutescens var. frutescens showed similar seasonal cambial activity throughout the year. Based on both direct and indirect methods, our results showed that cambial activity and wood formation only occurred during the rainy season, suggesting the potential of these species for use in dendrochronological studies.

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Variation in Onset of Leaf Unfolding and Wood Formation in a Central African Tropical Tree Species

Frontiers in Forests and Global Change ◽

10.3389/ffgc.2021.673575 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

Author(s):

Bhely Angoboy Ilondea ◽

Hans Beeckman ◽

Joris Van Acker ◽

Jan Van den Bulcke ◽

Adeline Fayolle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Cambial Activity ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Dry Season ◽

Tropical Tree ◽

Congo Basin ◽

Leaf Phenology ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Tropical Tree Species

A diversity of phenological strategies has been reported for tropical tree species. Defoliation and seasonal dormancy of cambial activity inform us on how trees cope with water stress during the dry season, or maximize the use of resources during the rainy season. Here, we study the matching between leaf phenology (unfolding and shedding) and cambial activity for Prioria balsamifera, a key timber species in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In particular, we (i) evaluated the seasonality of cambial activity and synchrony of phenology among trees in response to climate and (ii) identified the seasonality of leaf phenology and its relation with cambial phenology. The study was conducted in the Luki Man and Biosphere Reserve, located in the Mayombe forest at the southern margin of the Congo Basin. Historic defoliation data were collected every ten days using weekly crown observations whereas recent observations involved time-lapse cameras. Cambial pinning was performed on ten trees during 20 months and radius dendrometers were installed on three trees during 13 months. Tree rings were measured on cores from 13 trees and growth synchrony was evaluated. We found that P. balsamifera defoliates annually with a peak observed at the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season. The new leaves unfolded shortly after shedding of the old leaves. The peak defoliation dates varied across years from September 12 to November 14 and the fraction of number of trees that defoliated at a given time was found to be negatively correlated with annual rainfall and temperature; during the dry season, when precipitation and temperatures are the lowest. Wood formation (radial growth), was found to be highly seasonal, with cambial dormancy occurring during the dry season and growth starting at the beginning of the rainy season. Individual ring-width series did not cross date well. The within species variability of leaf phenology and cambial rhythms provides indication about resistance of the population against climatic changes.

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Digging in wood: New insights in the regulation of wood formation in tree species

Advances in Botanical Research - Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Trees ◽

10.1016/bs.abr.2018.11.007 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 201-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eduardo L.O. Camargo ◽

Raphaël Ployet ◽

Hua Cassan-Wang ◽

Fabien Mounet ◽

Jacqueline Grima-Pettenati

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Wood Formation

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Mobile forms of carbon in trees: metabolism and transport

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tpab123 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pia Guadalupe Dominguez ◽

Totte Niittylä

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Vascular System ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Transport Mechanisms ◽

Mobile Forms ◽

Major Interest ◽

Metabolic Reactions ◽

Forms Of Carbon ◽

Terrestrial Biomass ◽

Carbon Transport

Abstract Plants constitute 80% of the biomass on earth, and almost two thirds of this biomass is found in wood. Wood formation is a carbon demanding process and relies on carbon transport from photosynthetic tissues. Thus, understanding the transport process is of major interest for understanding terrestrial biomass formation. Here we review the molecules and mechanisms used to transport and allocate carbon in trees. Sucrose is the major form in which carbon is transported, found in the phloem sap of all so far investigated tree species. However, in several tree species sucrose is accompanied by other molecules, notably polyols and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides. We describe the molecules that constitute each of these transport groups, and their distribution across different tree species. Further, we detail the metabolic reactions for their synthesis, the mechanisms by which trees load and unload these compounds in and out of the vascular system, and how they are radially transported in the trunk and finally catabolized during wood formation. We also address a particular carbon recirculation process between phloem and xylem that occurs in trees during the annual cycle of growth and dormancy. A search of possible evolutionary drivers behind the diversity of C carrying molecules in trees reveals no consistent differences in carbon transport mechanisms between angiosperm and gymnosperm trees. Furthermore, the distribution of C forms across species suggests that climate related environmental factors will not either explain the diversity of carbon transport forms. However, the consideration of C transport mechanisms in relation to tree—rhizosphere coevolution deserves further attention. To conclude the review, we identify possible future lines of research in this field.

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Transcriptional Regulation of Wood Formation in Tree Species

Plant Cell Monographs - Cellular Aspects of Wood Formation ◽

10.1007/978-3-642-36491-4_5 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 141-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ruiqin Zhong ◽

Zheng-Hua Ye

Keyword(s):

Transcriptional Regulation ◽

Tree Species ◽

Wood Formation

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Rekonstruktion von Massenbewegungen mithilfe der Holzanatomie | Reconstruction of geomorphic events by means of wood anatomy

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2008.0058 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 159 (3) ◽

pp. 58-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ingo Heinrich ◽

Holger Gärtner

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Tree Species ◽

Debris Flows ◽

Wood Anatomy ◽

Complete Information ◽

Wood Formation ◽

Severe Reaction ◽

Reaction Wood ◽

Anatomical Analysis ◽

Growth Experiments

Geomorphic events such as debris flows and avalanches are likely to increase in magnitude and frequency due to the influence of global warming. Such processes usually have an impact on the growth of affected trees. As a consequence, dendroecological techniques have been developed to determine the frequency of these events. It is, however, rarely possible to retrieve information on the type and intensity of the geomorphic event. A comprehensive wood anatomical analysis of reaction wood has the potential to obtain more complete information on this matter. This paper presents the wood anatomical analysis of four European tree species. In growth experiments the impacts of the most common geomorphic events were realistically imitated. It was shown that in all four tree species the treated trees exhibited significant growth reactions compared to the untreated reference trees. The treatments are significantly different only in some cases but trends in the data can be identified. The stronger the bending was the more severe reaction wood was formed. Additional treatments to the apex of the trees resulted in a weakening of the reaction wood formation. The results showed that the accuracy of dendrogeomorphic reconstructions profits from further wood anatomical investigations, which should be applied if an intraseasonal reconstruction is aimed for.

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Dikegulac Sodium and Benzyladenine Effects on Six Landscape Tree Species during Container Production

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898.32.4.203 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 203-207

Author(s):

W.R. Miller ◽

G.J. Keever ◽

J.R. Kessler ◽

J.L. Sibley

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Growing Season ◽

Shoot Development ◽

Green Ash ◽

Red Maple ◽

Bald Cypress ◽

Lateral Shoots ◽

Landscape Trees ◽

Container Production

A study was conducted to evaluate dikegulac sodium (dikegulac) and benzyladenine (BA) as branching agents on landscape trees during production. Common among the six species in this two-year study was an increase in new shoot development following the application of dikegulac. Relative to shoot counts of nontreated plants, trees treated with a single foliar application of 800 to 3200 ppm of dikegulac had an increase in shoot numbers of 29 to 107% in Japanese maple, 75 to 158% in red maple, 67% in redbud, 50 to 65% in bald cypress, and 56 to 103% in black gum. Nontreated plants of green ash formed only one or two lateral shoots in 2011, whereas dikegulac-treated green ash had 10 to 12 new shoots. In 2012, green ash treated with 200 to 800 ppm of dikegulac developed 100 to 150% more new shoots than nontreated green ash. Foliage of all species, except Japanese maple, was injured to varying degrees by dikegulac, but the injury dissipated over the growing season. BA promoted increased shoot development only in bald cypress, and canopies of that species were visually fuller and more compact than those of bald cypress treated with dikegulac.

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