scholarly journals Payments for Ecosystem Services

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-228
Author(s):  
James Salzman ◽  
Genevieve Bennett ◽  
Nathaniel Carroll ◽  
Allie Goldstein ◽  
Michael Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Climate Stability ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Living Organisms

While we don’t tend to think about it, healthy ecosystems provide a variety of critical benefits. Ecosystem goods, the physical items an ecosystem provides, are obvious. Forests provide timber; coastal marshes provide shellfish. While less visible and generally taken for granted, the services underpinning these goods are equally important. Created by the interactions of living organisms with their environment, ecosystem services provide the conditions and processes that sustain human life.1 If you doubt this, consider how to grow an apple without pollination, pest control, or soil fertility. Once one realizes the importance of ecosystem services, three points quickly emerge: (1) landscapes provide a stream of services ranging from water quality and flood control to climate stability—the economic value of which can be significant; (2) the vast majority of these services are public goods and not exchanged in markets, so landowners have little incentive to provide these positive externalities; and (3) we, therefore, need to think creatively about creating markets for these services so they are not under-provided. This is the basis of the policy approach known as Payments for Ecosystem Services (“PES”).

scholarly journals Nilai Jasa Fauna sebagai Komponen Ekosistem di Taman Nasional Baluran

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Mulyo Ichtiarso
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
National Park ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Know How ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Total Economic Value ◽  
Ecosystem Component

The benefit of ecosystem services are the completeness of the outputs resulting from biological, physical, chemical, and socio-cultural processes in the forest that are useful for human life and environment. The object of research is to know how much the economic value of fauna in ecosystem services which has been utilized by the community buffer village and the dependence on Baluran National Park (BNP). Method of research by quantitative and qualitative analysis. Data collected are typological conditions of BNP community buffer village, human resources who used the services of BNP ecosystem services, identity of community who used ecosystem services, types of ecosystem services used by community, harvest season, location of ecosystem services, community income that uses ecosystem and dependence on BNP ecosystem services. The result of research are economic value of the services of fauna that ecosystem components of BNP that have been used by buffer community village and dependence on BNP have form of forest honey (Rp. 1,073,332,000), kroto (Rp. 784,665,000), and snails (Rp. 648,080). Total economic value of fauna that ecosystem component of BNP is Rp. 2,506,077,000,- per year

Social preferences and willingness-to-pay for forest ecosystem services : implications for payments for ecosystem services schemes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elizabeth Asantewaa Obeng
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Forested Watershed ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
Threatened Plant ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
The U.S

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Progressively, there has been a substantial shift in emphasis with regards to forest governance and management. Forests management policies are directed toward conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem services rather than the traditional approach of maximizing and sustaining yield. PES has therefore become an essential tool for achieving the new trend of managing forests for ecosystem services. Fundamental to any PES initiative, is the understanding of perceived economic values of services provided by forest ecosystems. Economic values of ecosystem services provide information on public demand for these services which serve as baseline information for designing PES programs. Notwithstanding, information on public perceptions and attitudes toward PES is still limited. The objective of this research was to better understand how environmental attitudes, beliefs, value orientations and preferences for ecosystem attributes affect willingness-to-pay (WTP) for forested watershed ecosystem services under PES programs. Survey data from 1002 individual U.S. residents were analyzed. The results revealed a relatively stronger predictive power of attitudinal variables on WTP than socio-demographic variables. The findings provided evidence of heterogeneity in individual preferences for different ecosystem services provided by forested watersheds. Increase water quality and improvement in habitat for threatened plant and animal species were found to be the highly preferred and valued ecosystem services among four ecosystem services assessed (water quality, flood control, landscape beauty and habitat for threatened plant and animal species). On average U.S. households were willing to pay between US$ 43.92 - 77.16 and 50.16 - 77.16 per year for five years for water quality and habitat improvement services respectively at a local residence level. The study further showed that U.S. households could be willing to participate in a PES program and pay on average, between US$116.82 to 123.21 per year in income tax to restore a distant degraded forested watershed in the U.S. and between US$ 137.14 to 148.39 for a distant tropical forested watershed outside the U.S. for improved ecosystem services. The findings of this study offer useful baseline information that can inform policy decisions on design and implementation of forested watershed PES programs.

Measuring the Total Economic Value of Restoring Ecosystem Services in Erhai Lake Basin: Results from a Contingent Valuation Survey

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 1208-1212
Author(s):  
Wei Juan Mao ◽  
Ping Ning ◽  
Guang Fei Qu ◽  
Shang Hua Luo
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Erhai Lake ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Non Market Valuation

The contingent valuation method is one of the most significant approaches of non-market valuation techniques and has been used widely. The authors take it as a tool to analyze the economic benefits of restoring ecosystem service in an impaired river basin， Erhai lake basin. To obtain accurate benefit estimates using CVM technique requires detailed descriptions of the resources being valued. Results from 100 in-person interviews indicate that 84.7% of the households in Erhai lake basin would like to pay for restoring the ecosystem services of Erhai. The analysis of the payment card data shows that the average willingness to pay (WTP) is 80.325 RMB Yuan per household per year. The annual aggregate benefits of restoring ecosystem services of Erhai lake Basin is at least 6.426×107 RMB Yuan，calculated by the number of the households about 800,000 in the Erhai lake basin. This result is a conservative estimate for the economic value of restoring the ecosystem services of Erhai lake basin because of the positive externalities of restoring the ecosystem services on the outside of Erhai lake basin.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services at delivering improvements in water quality: lessons for experiments at the landscape scale

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin L. Pynegar ◽  
Julia P.G. Jones ◽  
James M. Gibbons ◽  
Nigel M. Asquith
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Environmental Management ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Randomised Trial ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Payments For Ecosystem Services ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Management Interventions

BackgroundRandomised Control Trials (RCTs) are used in impact evaluation in a range of fields. However, despite calls for their greater use in environmental management, their use to evaluate landscape scale interventions remains rare. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) incentivise land users to manage land to provide environmental benefits. We present the first RCT evaluation of a PES program aiming to improve water quality.Watersharedis a program which incentivises landowners to avoid deforestation and exclude cattle from riparian forests. Using this unusual landscape-scale experiment we explore the efficacy ofWatersharedat improving water quality, and draw lessons for future RCT evaluations of landscape-scale environmental management interventions.MethodsOne hundred and twenty-nine communities in the Bolivian Andes were randomly allocated to treatment (offeredWatersharedagreements) or control (not offered agreements) following baseline data collection (includingEscherichia colicontamination in most communities) in 2010. We collected end-line data in 2015. Using our end-line data, we explored the extent to which variables associated with the intervention (e.g. cattle exclusion, absence of faeces) predict water quality locally. We then investigated the efficacy of the intervention at improving water quality at the landscape scale using the RCT. This analysis was done in two ways; for the subset of communities for which we have both baseline and end-line data from identical locations we used difference-in-differences (matching on baseline water quality), for all sites we compared control and treatment at end-line controlling for selected predictors of water quality.ResultsThe presence of cattle faeces in water adversely affected water quality suggesting excluding cattle has a positive impact on water quality locally. However, both the matched difference-in-differences analysis and the comparison between treatment and control communities at end-line suggestedWatersharedwas not effective at reducingE. colicontamination at the landscape scale. Uptake ofWatersharedagreements was very low and the most important land from a water quality perspective (land around water intakes) was seldom enrolled.DiscussionAlthough excluding cattle may have a positive local impact on water quality, higher uptake and better targeting would be required to achieve a significant impact on the quality of water consumed in the communities. Although RCTs potentially have an important role to play in building the evidence base for approaches such as PES, they are far from straightforward to implement. In this case, the randomised trial was not central to concluding thatWatersharedhad not produced a landscape scale impact. We suggest that this RCT provides valuable lessons for future use of randomised experiments to evaluate landscape-scale environmental management interventions.

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