scholarly journals METHODS OF NATURAL SCIENCES IN THE STUDY OF ANCIENT CERAMICS (Transition Time from the Bronze Epoch to the Early Age. South Western Siberian Plain)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 375-385
Author(s):  
V. I. Molodin ◽  
L. N. Mylnikova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Northern Taiga ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Transition Time ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Thermal Methods ◽  
X Ray

The article publishes the results of studying the molding masses and the quality of firing ceramic vessels of the Linevo 1 site (transition time from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age). The research was carried out using the methods of natural sciences: petrographic, X-ray phase and thermal. Five groups of ceramics were identified in the ceramic complex of the site. The second — Late Irmenskaya culture is a continuation development of the autochthonous — Irmenskaya. Three others: Molchanovskaya, Samodelkinskaya and with features of the early Iron Age — are imported. Within the framework of one site Linevo 1, there were recorded the existence of two traditions of making molding masses: chamotte and granitoid. The second tradition has been singled out both for the Molchanovskaya ceramic group and for the Samodelkino group but they differ in the composition of rock fragments. It was calculated that most of the collection is made up of «transitional» forms, «forms of imitation». There are no identical or closely related products in terms of morphological features in the collection. Syncretism of the complex under consideration is evidence of the complex ethno-cultural composition of the inhabitants of the ancient settlement. It can be clearly traced as a local autochthonous component that grows on the Irmenskaya culture basis and the northern taiga, coming to the forest-steppe most likely from the southern taiga of the Ob River. Obviously the fifth group of ceramics is foreign. As for the Linevo settlement complex it generally confirms the tendency of the joint existence of various ceramic traditions of the forest-steppe, steppe and taiga circle of cultures already noted for the cultures of the transitional time of the West Siberian forest-steppe with the predominance of the Irmenskaya culture — Late Irmenskaya culture component. All the results obtained are objective in nature, since they are based not on visual definitions, but on petrographic, X-ray phase, thermal methods and mathematical miscalculations.

scholarly journals NEW DATA ON THE DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS EXHIBITED BY THE POPULATION OF THE KULAYKA CULTURE IN THE NOVOSIBIRSK OB AREA

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
M.S. Kishkurno ◽  
A.V. Sleptsova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Dental Morphology ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article covers the results of a study on the odontological series from the Kamenny Mys burial ground (3rd–2nd centuries BC). In this work, we set out to study the genesis of the Kulay population of the Early Iron Age in the Novosibirsk Ob area. The main relations of the population with the groups of adjacent territories, as well as the nature of their interaction with the local groups, were determined. The odontological series from the Kamenny Mys burial ground includes the teeth of 24 individuals: 12 males, 6 females and 10 adult individuals whose gender could not be determined. The anthropological materials were examined according to a standard procedure, which involves the description of the tooth crown morphology considering the archaic features of the dental morphology. Also, an intergroup comparative analysis was performed via the method of the principal component analysis using the program STATISTICA version 10.0. It was established that the dental characteristics exhibited by the Kulayka population reveal signs of mixed European-Mongoloid formation with a significant predominance of the Eastern component. We compared the morphological characteristics of the sample with data obtained for the populations of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The intergroup comparison revealed the closest connection between the Bolshaya Rechka culture and the Kulayka group. The studied material provides anthropological confirmation of the interaction between Kulayka (taiga) and Bolshaya Rechka traditions (steppe), drawing on the data about the burial rite and ceramic complexes. The comparison of the Kulayka series with Bronze Age samples suggests that the forest-steppe populations occupying the territories of the Novosibirsk and Tomsk Ob and the Ob-Irtysh areas had no effect on the genesis of the Kulayka population. We suppose that the origins of the Kulayka population in the Novosibirsk Ob area should be traced to the populations from the West Siberian taiga of the Bronze Age, which is significantly complicated by the lack of sufficiently complete and representative series dating back to the specified period from the territory of the Middle Ob area. Further accumulation of anthropological material from the Middle Ob area will provide the opportunity to trace the genesis of taiga populations of the Early Iron Age.

scholarly journals Mesolithic Sites in the Upper Tobol

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 897-910
Author(s):  
E. V. Podzuban
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Arrow Head ◽  
Stone Industry ◽  
The Town

The article introduces prehistoric artifacts from the sites of Karasor-5, Karasor-6, and Karasor-7 obtained in 1998. The archaeological site of Karasor is located in the Upper Tobol region, near the town of Lisakovsk. Stone tools, pottery fragments, a ceramic item, and a bronze arrow head were collected from a sand blowout, which had destroyed the cultural layer. The paper gives a detailed description of the pottery. The stone tools were examined using the technical and typological analysis, which featured the primary splitting, the morphological parameters and size of plates, the ratio of blanks, plates, flakes, and finished tools, the secondary processing methods, and the typological composition of the tools. The nature of the raw materials was counted as an independent indicator. The pottery fragments, the bronze arrow head, and the ceramic item belonged to the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The stone industry of the Karasor archeological cluster proved to be a Mesolithic monument of the Turgai Trough. The technical and typological analysis revealed a close similarity with the Mesolithic sites of the Southern and Middle Trans-Urals, as well as the forest-steppe part of the Tobol-Irtysh interfluve. The stone artifacts were dated from the Mesolithic to the Early Iron Age.

Handles of Early Iron Age Cauldrons from Southwestern Siberia

2022 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
A. P. Borodovsky
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Summer Camps ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Southwestern Siberia ◽  
European Forest

Handles of Early Iron Age bronze cauldrons from southwestern Siberia are described with reference to their ritual meaning. Typological features, such as knobs, arcuate, or square shape, are relevant for dating. Two chronological groups are established: the Tagar (second half of the 1st millennium BC) and Xiongnu-Xianbei (late 1st millennium BC to early 1st millennium AD). The interpretation of handles depends on the context. At settlements (Turunovka-4) and in certain hoards (First Dzhirim) of the Late Bronze Age, they can belong to foundry scrap. However, handles occur in long-term ritual sites such as Aidashenskaya Cave, suggesting a different interpretation. Indeed, at Eastern European forest-steppe sites of the Xiongnu era, handles of cauldrons had been intentionally buried, most often near water sources, where the summer camps of nomadic herders were situated. A similar situation is observed in southwestern Siberia, from the Baraba forest-steppe to the Middle Yenisei valley.

scholarly journals Architectural Traditions of the Trans-Urals Forest- Steppe Population in the Early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Berlina S. ◽  
◽  
Tsembalyuk S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Pillar Structure ◽  
The Bronze Age

By the beginning of the Early Iron Age, under the influence of climatic and socio-political factors, the population of the forest-steppe had several traditions of housing construction. First of all, they were expressed in the variety of types of dwellings and techniques of their construction. During the Transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, the population of the Itkul culture had small above-ground framed buildings. The Baitovo population that replaced them at the beginning of the Early Iron Age has already recorded two types of buildings — above-ground framed buildings and and dwellings with cribbed walls. In the Gorokhovo-Sargat time, an unprecedented flourishing of house construction is marked. The Gorokhovo population has buildings with the ‘zaplot’ walls (i.e., built using vertical wooden posts with a lengthwise recess in which timber logs or panels are inserted), and dwellings with cribbed walls, frame-and-pillar structure are widely distributed. The presence of certain standards and traditions in architecture can be traced. The population of the Sargat culture built at least five types of dwellings: insulated and light cone-shaped, those built in the frame-and-pillar technique, dwellings with ‘zaplot’ walls, and cribbed dwellings. A feature that has clearly manifested itself in Sargat housing construction is the articulation of several chambers, different in structure and functions, into one household complex. Keywords: Western Siberia; Early Iron Age; dwelling; Itkul Culture; Baitovo Culture; Gorokhovo Culture

scholarly journals THEORY AND PRACTICE OF RESEARCH ANCIENT CERAMICS: TRADITIONAL AND THE LATEST METHODS

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-127
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Ivanovich Molodin ◽  
Ludmila Nikolaevna Mylnikova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Ancient Ceramics ◽  
Ancient Pottery ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Presents traditional and new methods of studying ancient pottery. Stressed that in the world literature there is practically no standard (or at least consistent) approach to the study of ancient ceramics samples using the methods of the natural sciences. Was marked severities and shortcomings and the main is: lack of access for archaeologists to use physical and chemical methods; unsystematic and randomness of the results; the inability to compare results. Lack of specialists among archaeologists and weak interest natural scientists led to the fact that have not yet been generalized instructional techniques of individual tests. The methods used for the study of ceramics, do not become the subject of training in higher educational institutions. That's why many archaeologists who study the technology of ancient pottery do not accept these methods because of considering them formal. Noted that the instrumental analysis using the methods of the natural sciences is aimed primarily at identifying those features that allow you to identify the technical and technological traditions and techniques of ancient pottery: raw materials strategy formulation and molding compounds. We propose a set of analytical methods that can be used for the reconstruction of pottery technology. On the example of the ceramic collections of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, the transition time from the Bronze Age to the early Iron Age shows the possibility of some of the methods of the natural sciences: petrography, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis. It is concluded that the use of physical and chemical methods for the study of ancient ceramics can significantly enhance the ability of research material compared to traditional methods and increase the level of evidence and the objectivity for the historical and cultural situation.

scholarly journals The origins of the population of Western Siberia in the Early Iron Age according to odontological data

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
A.V. Sleptsova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
River Region ◽  
Irtysh River

The results of the study of the dental anthropology complexes of the population of the Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures of the Early Iron Age in Western Siberia are presented. The source base of the study is 490 individuals from burials located in the Tobol, Ishim, Irtysh River regions, as well as on the territory of the Baraba forest-steppe zone. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the origin and processes of the formation of the anthropological composition of the population of the Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures on the basis of new dental anthropological data. Trigonometrically transformed dental trait frequencies were subjected to the principal component analysis. Be-sides Sargatka, Gorokhovo and Kashino cultures samples, 17 Bronze Age and 27 Early Iron Age dental samples from different region of Eurasia were used for statistical comparison. The results of the statistical comparison may possible to make a several conclusions. The anthropological composition of the Gorokhov population and Sargat groups from the Tobol, Ishim and Irtysh River regions was significantly influenced by diachronic contacts with the descendants of the Andronovo tribes of the Southern Urals, and synchronous relation with the Savromats and Sarmatians of the Southern Urals. The population of the Sargatka culture and the Gorokhovo groups, simultane-ously living on the territory of the Tobol River region in the 5th–3rd centuries BC significantly different from each other. However, the subsequent close population relation between the Sargatka and Gorokhovo groups and their contacts with the Sarmatians contributed to the convergence of their anthropological composition. In the formation of the anthropological composition of the Sargatka population of Baraba forest-steppe zone the main role belongs to the local Late Bronze groups — the Fedorovo Bronze Age population of Western Siberia and their descen-dants, people of the Irmen culture. The most specific is the anthropological composition of the Kashino popula-tion. The specificity of the small group of the Abatsky 3 burial of Kashino culture from the Ishim River region lies in the sharp predominance of the features of the “eastern” dental non-metric complex, which distinguishes this popu-lation from the groups of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age of Western Siberia and adjacent territories.

scholarly journals Multispectral Analysis of Miniature Nuragic Bronze Flasks

Heritage ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1716-1724
Author(s):  
Carlo Nocco ◽  
Francesca Assunta Pisu ◽  
Daniele Chiriu ◽  
Anna Depalmas ◽  
Sergio Augusto Barcellos Lins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Mediterranean Basin ◽  
Alloy Composition ◽  
Copper Oxides ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Multispectral Images ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Multispectral Analysis

Miniaturized bronze flasks represent a small portion of a wide metallurgical production that flourished in Sardinia (Italy) between the Final Bronze Age (FBA) and the Early Iron Age (EIA). They replicate a well-known and symbolic type of object, the pilgrims’ flask, common in all Europe and Mediterranean basin, and have but few archaeological parallels. For these reasons, their characterization can be considered important from an archaeological perspective. Three flasks, preserved at the Antiquarium Arborense museum (Oristano), were analyzed by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy, integrated by multispectral images. The samples, coming from illegal excavations, posed two problems: establishing their authenticity and investigating the alloy composition of such particular objects. All specimens presented a widespread degradation in the outer surface: XRF and Raman spectroscopy indicated the presence of copper oxides, calcium and copper carbonates deposits. The abscence of Zn, a clear marker of forgeries, was not detected by XRF. In two of the flasks, an unusual Sn content above 20%, was detected. For FBA and EIA, especially regarding southern Europe, Sn was extremely rare, and was possibly used with caution. Further results are presented herein.

scholarly journals The Sarov complex on the Singul Lake

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
A.A. Tkachev ◽  
Al.Al. Tkachev ◽  
T.N. Rafikova
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Northern Taiga ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
River Region ◽  
Irtysh River

The paper presents the results of the study of the Sarov complex in the Roza Vetrov VII settlement, located in the forest-steppe Tobol River Region (Western Siberia). The Sarov stage of the Kulayka Culture terminates the Early Iron Age and dates to the 1st c. BC — 3rd c. AD. The dwelling represented by a hut-like superstructure used by fishermen during the spawning period of the warm season is described. Also characterised are the tools in-cluding pestle, grindstone, and a fragment of the casting form. The pottery complex reflects all specific features of the Sarov stage ware — the monotony of the ornamental composition, which consists of multiple repetition of rows of the combed stamp and waves, downswept rims. The characteristic of the sample is the complete absence of figured stamps in the ornamentation. The time of migration of the northern taiga population into the sub-taiga and forest-steppe zones of Western Siberia is based on the chronological position of the Sarov sites and specifics of the historical and cultural situation in the present region in the end of the Early Iron Age. The Sargatka Culture, which was spread in the territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, existed until the end of the 2nd — early 3rd c. AD. The Sarov complex of the Ayga VIII settlement is attributed to the 3rd c. AD; the burials of the multicultural Kozlov burial ground, where the Sarov pottery has been found, are dated to the 3rd–6th c. AD. The spread of the Sarov population occurred from the Surgut area of the Ob River Region or the Lower Irtysh River Region along the main water arteries — the rivers of Irtysh, Tobol, Tura, Iset — from the 3rd c. AD. The Sarov materials of the Roza Vetrov VII settlement could be dated to the same time. The Sarov population took part in the genesis of the early medieval cultures of the forest-steppe and the sub-taiga Trans-Urals. Bakal Culture inherited from the bear-ers of the Sargatka Culture the pottery ornamentation technique, while from the population of the Sarov and Kar-ym Cultures — the shape of vessels with a whisk and cornice sloping inside. The influence of the northern taiga population can also explain the spread of fortifications with bastions in Tobolo-Ishim Region.

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