SWOT Analysis of Pakistan’s Space Program

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Noor-ul-Huda Atif
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Program ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Weak Space ◽  
Join Space ◽  
Over Time

Outer space in Pakistan is a trivial notion, and the idea has become less concerning for the authorities let alone the general masses. For decades, this field has been void of any particularly outstanding and significant development in the country with only a handful of satellites launched in outer space. Where the world has progressed in space technology utilizing it for exploring, exploiting, and now even racing to dominate the global common, that is the outer space, Pakistan‟s space program has been lagging and misses the opportunities that a robust outer space program provides, all the while ignoring the threats that arise from a weak space program. The significance of outer space has increased over the years in both civilian and military domains, where militarization outer space is now being transformed into a weaponization phenomenon. The space race that began in the Asian region with the Soviet Union inspired periphery states such as Pakistan to join space faring. Pakistan was the third country in Asia to establish its space agency; however, over time, it has lost its acclaimed position. Over time, it has grown weak with minimal research and development (R&D) in the field. Pakistan‟s space program lacks a place in the literature, and academic discussions and this study aims at filling that gap by analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities for the space program of Pakistan.

scholarly journals To the 60th anniversary of the fl ight of Yu. A. Gagarin into outer space The fl ight of the fi rst experimental satellite «Vostok-1P» as a key moment in the formation of the Soviet manned astronautics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.Ю. Щербинин
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Organizational Issues ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Events

В истории становления советской ракетно-космической техники мож- но выделить ряд ключевых событий, повлиявших на развитие отечественной космо- навтики. К таким событиям в середине ХХ в. относится пуск экспериментального корабля-спутника «Восток-1П», состоявшийся 15 мая 1960 г. Этому предшествовал период решения уникальных для 1950–60 гг. научно-технических задач и организа- ционных вопросов на уровне взаимодействия государственных предприятий и орга- низаций. Результаты полета определили дальнейшую программу испытательных полетов пилотируемых и беспилотных кораблей-спутников в СССР. Состоявшийся экспериментальный полет корабля-спутника показал правильность основных теоретических положений и инженерно-конструкторских решений, приня- тых при создании ориентируемого космического корабля. В дальнейшем на базе ко- рабля-спутника «Восток» были разработаны пилотируемые корабли «Восток-3А», «Восход» и спутники-разведчики «Зенит». В истории науки и техники разработка спутников «Восток» является ярким приме- ром решения фундаментальной задачи, способствовавшей укреплению научно-тех- нического потенциала Советского Союза в интересах освоения космоса. In the history of Soviet rocket and space technology we can identify a number of key events that infl uenced it’s development. Such events in the middle of the 20th century include the launch of the experimental satellite «Vostok-1P», which took place on May 15, 1960. This was preceded by a period of decisions that were unique for the 1950-60s scientifi c and technical problems and organizational issues at the level of interaction between state enterprises and organizations. The fl ight results determined the further program of test fl ights of manned and unmanned satellite ships in the USSR. The experimental fl ight of the satellite spacecraft has shown the correctness of the basic theoretical provisions and engineering design decisions taken when creating an oriented spacecraft. Later, on the basis of the «Vostok» satellite ship, the «Vostok-3A» and «Voskhod» manned spacecraft and «Zenit» reconnaissance satellites were developed. In the history of science and technology, the development of «Vostok» satellites is a vivid example of solving a fundamental problem that contributed to the strengthening of the scientifi c and technical potential of the Soviet Union in the interests of space exploration.

Lukewarm Neutrality in a Cold War? The Case of Austria

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin A. Schmidl
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Military Occupation ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Other Orientation ◽  
Over Time

Geographically, Austria's position during the Cold War differed significantly from that of Switzerland or Sweden, let alone Ireland. Austria, like Finland, was situated along the Iron Curtain. In 1945, Austria was divided between East and West, and the Soviet Union hoped that the Austrian Communists could quickly gain power by largely democratic means. This effort failed, however, when the Communists lost decisively in the November 1945 elections. Over the next decade, Austria remained under Soviet and Western military occupation. The formal adoption of a neutral status for Austria in May 1955, when the Austrian State Treaty was signed, was a compromise needed to ensure the departure of Soviet forces from Austria. Although some other orientation might have been preferred, neutrality over time became firmly engrained in Austria's collective identity.

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

Secret Wars ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 99-141
Author(s):  
Austin Carson
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Limited War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Over Time

This chapter analyzes foreign combat participation in the Spanish Civil War. Fought from 1936 to 1939, the war hosted covert interventions by Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. The chapter leverages variation in intervention form among those three states, as well as variation over time in the Italian intervention, to assess the role of escalation concerns and limited war in the use of secrecy. Adolf Hitler's German intervention provides especially interesting support for a theory on escalation control. An unusually candid view of Berlin's thinking suggests that Germany managed the visibility of its covert “Condor Legion” with an eye toward the relative power of domestic hawkish voices in France and Great Britain. The chapter also shows the unique role of direct communication and international organizations. The Non-Intervention Committee, an ad hoc organization that allowed private discussions of foreign involvement in Spain, helped the three interveners and Britain and France keep the war limited in ways that echo key claims of the theory.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
David Martin Jones
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Order ◽  
Warsaw Pact ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Western Media

The introduction outlines the question this work addresses. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact between 1989-92, it was ubiquitously held in the western media, business, government and academe that history was ‘being driven in a coherent direction’ towards a secular, liberal democratic, secular and borderless end. A quarter of a century later this vision lay in tatters. How, we might ask, did the progressive commitment to universal ideals come, over time, to lose faith in the prospect of global meliorism leading to a liberal international order governed by abstract norms? And what were the consequences of this loss of faith?

Expanding E-Commerce into E-Ducation

2005 ◽  
pp. 295-298
Author(s):  
Kirk St. Amant
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Over Time

The fall of the Soviet Union created a series of new economic situations in Eastern Europe. Soviet-style Communism quickly gave way to a radical and unbridled form of capitalism that led many outsiders to refer to the region as the “wild East” (Pei, 1994; Brady, 1999; Miller, Grodeland, & Koshechkina, 2001). Over time, business practices began to settle as persons from the former Eastern Bloc focused on Western models of business and finance (Brady, 1999; Mikelonis, 2000; D’Anieri, Kravchuk, & Kuzio, 1999). Such a transition would not be easy, for 75 years of Communist rule left a limited framework upon which individuals could build capitalist-style industries.

Rescue and Return of Astronauts on Earth and in Outer Space

1969 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cargill Hall
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Manned Flight ◽  
Manned Space

The requirement for international standards for rescue and return of distressed astronauts rapidly assumed importance in the first years of the space age, paralleling development of the technology necessary to sustain man in outer space and to permit re-entry of spacecraft through the earth’s atmosphere. The need increased in the early 1960’s when both the United States and the Soviet Union announced inauguration of space flight programs to send men to the moon and return them to earth. It was recognized that, in the continued absence of any firm international consensus on this subject, international friction could be caused by disagreement over procedure to be followed, the nature and extent of states’ obligations, or by differences in interpreting or applying legal principles in the event earth or space rescue and return operations became necessary. These conditions (possible unintentional misunderstanding during manned flight emergencies, swift developments in astronautical science and technology that made manned space flight a reality, and the importance of astronauts in terms of national prestige and subsequent status as “envoys of mankind”) combined to encourage international agreement upon standards for rescue and return by way of direct discussion among states, informal agreement, and, ultimately, conclusion of formal conventions governing this activity; and they discouraged reliance by nations upon principles or practices derived from custom and precedent.

scholarly journals L’apport du Canada en matière de responsabilité internationale pour les dommages d’origine spatiale : l’Affaire du satellite Cosmos 954.

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-487
Author(s):  
André Farand
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Canadian Government ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Space Objects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Of Canada ◽  
Actual Damage ◽  
International Liability

The nuclear satellite Cosmos 954 was launched by the Soviet Union in September 1977. Due to some difficulties in functioning, Cosmos 954 made an unscheduled return to earth and its debris scattered over a large portion of Canadian territory on January 24, 1978. The Canadian government, informed that the satellite had radioactive material on board, immediately began urgent operations to reduce the actual damage and to return the territory affected to its normal condition. Considering that the costs incurred during the operations should be claimed from the Soviet Union, the Government of Canada prepared a claim based in particular on the Convention on International Liability for Damage caused by space objects. The claim was presented to the Soviet representative on January 23, 1979. The Canadian government alleged that Canada sustained damage from the return on earth of the Cosmos 954 satellite. The Soviet Union, as the launching State, is absolutely responsible and should pay an appropriate amount of compensation. The amount claimed is slightly over 6 million dollars. Canada, subsequent to the incident, has proposed to the United Nations the adoption of a new regime for the use of nuclear energy in outer space.

scholarly journals Extending Humanity’s Reach: A Public-Private Framework for Space Exploration

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 75-98
Author(s):  
Jack B. Chaben
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Space Race ◽  
The Cold War

The Cold War initiated not only rapid weaponization campaigns within the United States and the Soviet Union, but launched a space race between the ideological opponents. The Soviet Union claimed an early victory by becoming the first nation to launch a satellite into space. Despite the United States' rough start, the country triumphed during its Apollo Program to become the leader in space. Treaties and international norms emerged throughout this time to prevent these technologically raging nations from weaponizing the expansive environment of outer space, but the resulting protections against national ownership of space limited incentives for future deep space travel. As the U.S. Space Shuttle program came to an end in 2011, the United States forfeit its capabilities to transport humans to the International Space Station. This apparent abandonment of outer space, however, began to reveal the seminal role of the commercial space industry and its revolutionary technologies. This article traces the transition from the Cold War-era space race to today’s robust public-private expansion into space. It highlights the foundational importance of international cooperation to protect the interests of private companies, and presents a model of cooperative succession between space agencies and companies to send humans to Mars.

scholarly journals In Search of a Legal Solution to the Weaponisation of Space: A Russian Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevgeny Zvedre
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Common

This article is primarily focused on the diplomatic efforts aimed at preventing the weaponisation of outer space, or development of weapon systems designed to destroy targets, either orbital or terrestrial, or from the ground in outer space. Along with that, a number of anti-satellite weapon projects that both the United States (US) and the Soviet Union/Russia have been developing since the 1950s are briefly described as examples of their military competition in space. Highlighted is the work that has been done within the United Nations (UN) context to develop a corpus of universal principles and norms governing international exploration of outer space as the common heritage of humankind, free from the use of force. The author also highlights the positive role that arms control treaties have been playing in preventing deployment of weapons in space. Particular emphasis is given to the potential consequences for global security should attack weapons appear in outer space, and to the importance of a further targeted effort by the international community to work out additional regulations strengthening space security. In this regard, draft treaties on the prevention of weapons in space introduced by Russia and China, and the European Union’s International Code of conduct for Space are emphasised.

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