scholarly journals What explains the relationship between spatial and mathematical skills? A review of evidence from brain and behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Hawes ◽  
Daniel Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Skills ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

Limitations Using Neuroimaging to Reconstruct Mental State After a Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-701
Author(s):  
Michael J. Vitacco ◽  
Alynda M. Randolph ◽  
Rebecca J. Nelson Aguiar ◽  
Megan L. Porter Staats
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Insanity Defense ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuroimaging offers great potential to clinicians and researchers for a host of mental and physical conditions. The use of imaging has been trumpeted for forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluations to allow greater insight into the relationship between the brain and behavior. The results of imaging certainly can be used to inform clinical diagnoses; however, there continue to be limitations in using neuroimaging for insanity cases due to limited scientific backing for how neuroimaging can inform retrospective evaluations of mental state. In making this case, this paper reviews the history of the insanity defense and explains how the use of neuroimaging is not an effective way of improving the reliability of insanity defense evaluations.

scholarly journals Some Remarks on Bird's Brain and Behavior under the Constraints of Domestication

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Mehlhorn ◽  
Gerd Rehkämper
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between domestication and evolution is still a matter of discussion. In this review, we present some arguments for the assumption that domestication could be seen as an evolutionary process including the possibility that new species might evolve. In course of domestication, many breeds have been developed which show numerous alterations in different parameters such as body size, coloring, habitat, behavior, and brain size and composition. Here, we would like to give an overview particularly about alterations and varieties in (brain) morphology and behavior in domestic poultry and argue that these alterations could be seen as adaptations to the man-made environment.

Permutation Tests in the Educational and Behavioral Sciences

Methodology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Huo ◽  
Mieke Heyvaert ◽  
Wim Van den Noortgate ◽  
Patrick Onghena
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Permutation Tests ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Intelligent Algorithms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Over the past two decades, permutation tests (PTs) have received much attention in the educational and behavioral sciences. The aim of this article is to review the theoretical developments of PTs, the active areas in the educational and behavioral research using PTs, and the types of analysis under which PTs have been applied. We obtained 224 published articles, which included 141 theoretical articles and 83 application articles. After scrutinizing each article, we are happy to see that (1) some researchers began to advocate introducing PTs into basic statistics training; (2) computing load for PTs may be reduced dramatically by some intelligent algorithms; (3) PTs began to be applied in new areas such as studies on the relationship between brain and behavior and the relationship between gene and behavior; (4) besides simple types of analysis such as independent two-group comparison, PTs can also be carried out under more complex situations such as multivariate analysis. However, we should also notice that PTs are still mostly used for simple analyses (e.g., randomness analysis).

scholarly journals Neuroethics: the institutionalization of ethics in neuroscience

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
Amer Cavalheiro Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Academic Debate

Abstract Recent advances in neuroscience have led to numerous ethical questions. Neuroethics is the study of ethical, legal and social advancements in neuroscience which, despite being a recently developed discipline, has a long historical tradition. The concern with ethical issues in neuroscience is extremely old and dates back to the philosophical and scientific traditions that originally sought to understand the relationship between the brain and behavior. More recently, the field of neuroethics has emerged in the context of public and academic debate over the consequences of the advances arising from neuroscience. In the current context, technological innovations, which have arisen from the expansion of neuroscience research, have raised new ethical dilemmas. This article aims to analyze the historical course of ethics within the field of neuroscience, specifically the appearance and the recent institutionalization of neuroethics.

scholarly journals Brain and behavior: On the perspective of Miguel Covian and César Timo-Iaria

2019 ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lopes Miranda ◽  
Marina Massimi ◽  
Anette Hoffmann ◽  
Sérgio Dias Cirino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Psychological Studies

Historical studies of neuroscience in Brazil have focused on many aspects, including the relationship between brain and behavior. We present some notes on the concept of behavior, based on documents related to two Brazilian scientists identified as behavioral neuroscientists: Miguel Rolando Covian (1913-1992) and César Timo-Iaria (1925-2005). These neuroscientists used the concept of behavior in their debates about the connections between the nervous system and the environment. This use was influenced by physiological – especially neurophysiological – and experimental psychological studies. Describing and analyzing such documents and their authors, helps us to understand aspects of the history of neurosciences in Brazil during a period in which neuroscience was spreading rapidly in different countries. 

scholarly journals Insights into decision making using choice probability

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 3039-3049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trinity B. Crapse ◽  
Michele A. Basso
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Ideal Observer ◽  
Choice Probability ◽  
Systems Neuroscience ◽  
Correlated Activity ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conceptual Advance

A long-standing question in systems neuroscience is how the activity of single neurons gives rise to our perceptions and actions. Critical insights into this question occurred in the last part of the 20th century when scientists began linking modulations of neuronal activity directly to perceptual behavior. A significant conceptual advance was the application of signal detection theory to both neuronal activity and behavior, providing a quantitative assessment of the relationship between brain and behavior. One metric that emerged from these efforts was choice probability (CP), which provides information about how well an ideal observer can predict the choice an animal makes from a neuron's discharge rate distribution. In this review, we describe where CP has been studied, locational trends in the values found, and why CP values are typically so low. We discuss its dependence on correlated activity among neurons of a population, assess whether it arises from feedforward or feedback mechanisms, and investigate what CP tells us about how many neurons are required for a decision and how they are pooled to do so.

Infections et troubles bipolaires : l’exemple de la toxoplasmose

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (S2) ◽  
pp. 22-23
Author(s):  
N. Hamdani
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Bipolar Disorders ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Toxoplasma Infection ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

The implication of infectious events in the development of major psychosis has recently gained increasing attention (see for review [2]). Rubella, herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), and other infections have been shown to be potent disrupters of fetal neurodevelopment leading to abnormalities of brain and behavior, including psychiatric disorders. In this context, the most studied link between a pathogen and psychiatric disorders concerns the association between T. gondii and schizophrenia [4]. T. gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite which infects around one-third of the human population and resides encysted in the brain of immunocompetent hosts. However, the relationship between T. gondii infection and bipolar disorders is less documented due to paucity of information. The contextual link between toxoplasma infection and psychiatric disorders can be summarized as follows: (i) proven T. gondii's neurotropism and its impact on dopamine pathway [3], (ii) shared epidemiological characteristics between toxoplasma exposure and psychiatric disorders such as urban living, (iii) anti-parasite effect of antipsychotic drugs, (iv) parallel increase in T. gondii infection and incidence of psychosis in various populations [1], (v) a significantly high levels of antibodies to T. gondii in maternal sera whose offspring(s) subsequently develop psychiatric disorders later in life [5].

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