scholarly journals Some Remarks on Bird's Brain and Behavior under the Constraints of Domestication

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Mehlhorn ◽  
Gerd Rehkämper
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Domestic Poultry ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between domestication and evolution is still a matter of discussion. In this review, we present some arguments for the assumption that domestication could be seen as an evolutionary process including the possibility that new species might evolve. In course of domestication, many breeds have been developed which show numerous alterations in different parameters such as body size, coloring, habitat, behavior, and brain size and composition. Here, we would like to give an overview particularly about alterations and varieties in (brain) morphology and behavior in domestic poultry and argue that these alterations could be seen as adaptations to the man-made environment.

scholarly journals The Effects of Domestication on the Brain and Behavior of the Chicken in the Light of Evolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Julia Mehlhorn ◽  
Svenja Caspers
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Domestic Chicken ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

The avian class is characterized by particularly strong variability in their domesticated species. With more than 250 breeds and highly efficient commercial lines, domestic chickens represent the outcome of a really long period of artificial selection. One characteristic of domestication is the alterations in brain size and brain composition. The influence of domestication on brain morphology has been reviewed in the past, but mostly with a focus on mammals. Studies on avian species have seldom been taken into account. In this review, we would like to give an overview about the changes and variations in (brain) morphology and behavior in the domestic chicken, taking into consideration the constraints of evolutionary theory and the sense or nonsense of excessive artificial selection.

scholarly journals Emergence ecology of the critically endangered Urothemis edwardsii in a new colonized site in El Kala National Park (Algeria): conservation implications

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Baaloudj Affef
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microhabitat Selection ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Dragonfly Species

Urothemis edwardsii is one of the most threatened dragonfly species in the Mediterranean. Recent investigations and conservation efforts have increased the local geographic distribution of the species in Northeast Algeria, where a new population (named El Graeate) has been discovered. In the absence of information about the biology and behavior of U. edwardsii in this new site, a study was conducted on the emergence ecology of the species taking into account the temporal pattern of emergence, sex ratio, body size and microhabitat selection. Emergence, which was quite asynchronous, lasted for 50 days, with 50% of the population emerging within the first half of the period. Sex ratio at emergence was slightly female biased despite the absence of sexual size dimorphism, suggesting that size is not the only driving force behind mortality bias during the larval stage. There was a slight seasonal increase in the body size of exuviae (exoskeletons) in both sexes. Microhabitat selection, assessed as the vertical stratification of exuviae at ecdysis, was positively correlated with the height of supporting plants, but the relationship reached a plateau suggesting that there are predetermined limits to the vertical distribution of exuviae. These data will be essential for the future species protection, restoration and management attempts in the region.

Limitations Using Neuroimaging to Reconstruct Mental State After a Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-701
Author(s):  
Michael J. Vitacco ◽  
Alynda M. Randolph ◽  
Rebecca J. Nelson Aguiar ◽  
Megan L. Porter Staats
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Insanity Defense ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuroimaging offers great potential to clinicians and researchers for a host of mental and physical conditions. The use of imaging has been trumpeted for forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluations to allow greater insight into the relationship between the brain and behavior. The results of imaging certainly can be used to inform clinical diagnoses; however, there continue to be limitations in using neuroimaging for insanity cases due to limited scientific backing for how neuroimaging can inform retrospective evaluations of mental state. In making this case, this paper reviews the history of the insanity defense and explains how the use of neuroimaging is not an effective way of improving the reliability of insanity defense evaluations.

Permutation Tests in the Educational and Behavioral Sciences

Methodology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Huo ◽  
Mieke Heyvaert ◽  
Wim Van den Noortgate ◽  
Patrick Onghena
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Permutation Tests ◽  
Group Comparison ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Intelligent Algorithms ◽  
The Past ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Over the past two decades, permutation tests (PTs) have received much attention in the educational and behavioral sciences. The aim of this article is to review the theoretical developments of PTs, the active areas in the educational and behavioral research using PTs, and the types of analysis under which PTs have been applied. We obtained 224 published articles, which included 141 theoretical articles and 83 application articles. After scrutinizing each article, we are happy to see that (1) some researchers began to advocate introducing PTs into basic statistics training; (2) computing load for PTs may be reduced dramatically by some intelligent algorithms; (3) PTs began to be applied in new areas such as studies on the relationship between brain and behavior and the relationship between gene and behavior; (4) besides simple types of analysis such as independent two-group comparison, PTs can also be carried out under more complex situations such as multivariate analysis. However, we should also notice that PTs are still mostly used for simple analyses (e.g., randomness analysis).

scholarly journals Are Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure Associated With Sex Differences in Behavior?

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762199666
Author(s):  
Liza van Eijk ◽  
Dajiang Zhu ◽  
Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne ◽  
Lachlan T. Strike ◽  
Anthony J. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Behavior

On average, men and women differ in brain structure and behavior, raising the possibility of a link between sex differences in brain and behavior. But women and men are also subject to different societal and cultural norms. We navigated this challenge by investigating variability of sex-differentiated brain structure within each sex. Using data from the Queensland Twin IMaging study ( n = 1,040) and Human Connectome Project ( n = 1,113), we obtained data-driven measures of individual differences along a male–female dimension for brain and behavior based on average sex differences in brain structure and behavior, respectively. We found a weak association between these brain and behavioral differences, driven by brain size. These brain and behavioral differences were moderately heritable. Our findings suggest that behavioral sex differences are, to some extent, related to sex differences in brain structure but that this is mainly driven by differences in brain size, and causality should be interpreted cautiously.

scholarly journals A Review of Effects of Environment on Brain Size in Insects

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Thomas Carle
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Encephalization Quotient ◽  
The Social ◽  
Relative Brain Size ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Development And Evolution

Brain size fascinates society as well as researchers since it is a measure often associated with intelligence and was used to define species with high “intellectual capabilities”. In general, brain size is correlated with body size. However, there are disparities in terms of relative brain size between species that may be explained by several factors such as the complexity of social behaviour, the ‘social brain hypothesis’, or learning and memory capabilities. These disparities are used to classify species according to an ‘encephalization quotient’. However, environment also has an important role on the development and evolution of brain size. In this review, I summarise the recent studies looking at the effects of environment on brain size in insects, and introduce the idea that the role of environment might be mediated through the relationship between olfaction and vision. I also discussed this idea with studies that contradict this way of thinking.

scholarly journals Neuroethics: the institutionalization of ethics in neuroscience

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281
Author(s):  
Amer Cavalheiro Hamdan
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Academic Debate

Abstract Recent advances in neuroscience have led to numerous ethical questions. Neuroethics is the study of ethical, legal and social advancements in neuroscience which, despite being a recently developed discipline, has a long historical tradition. The concern with ethical issues in neuroscience is extremely old and dates back to the philosophical and scientific traditions that originally sought to understand the relationship between the brain and behavior. More recently, the field of neuroethics has emerged in the context of public and academic debate over the consequences of the advances arising from neuroscience. In the current context, technological innovations, which have arisen from the expansion of neuroscience research, have raised new ethical dilemmas. This article aims to analyze the historical course of ethics within the field of neuroscience, specifically the appearance and the recent institutionalization of neuroethics.

The relationships between brain regions and forelimb dexterity in marsupials (Marsupialia): a comparative test of the principle of proper mass

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew N. Iwaniuk ◽  
John E. Nelson ◽  
Ian Q. Whishaw
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Proper Mass ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Independent Contrast ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Forelimb Movements

A behavioural index of forelimb dexterity and comparative statistics were used to analyse the relationships between proximal (shoulder, upper and lower forelimb) and distal (wrist, forepaw, digits) forelimb dexterity and four aspects of brain morphology (overall brain, cortex, cerebellum and telencephalon sizes) in 18 species of marsupials. On the basis of the principle of proper mass, it was expected that an increase in forelimb dexterity (either proximal or distal) would be positively correlated with the size of the brain and the three brain components. Using independent contrast analysis to remove the effects of phylogeny revealed three significant correlations between: cortex size and distal dexterity, cerebellum size and proximal dexterity, and telencephalon size and distal dexterity. The relationship between cortex size and distal dexterity was subsequently corroborated by Spearman rank correlations. These results suggest that the execution of finely coordinated forelimb movements may not be dependent upon overall brain size, but may be dependent upon the size of brain components, thus supporting the principle of proper mass.

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