scholarly journals A common dynamic prior for time in duration discrimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost de Jong ◽  
Elkan G. Akyürek ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Duration Discrimination ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Standard Duration ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Relative Weighting ◽  
Perceived Duration

AbstractEstimation of time depends heavily on both global and local statistical context. Durations that are short relative to the global distribution are systematically overestimated; durations that are locally preceded by long durations are also overestimated. Context effects are prominent in duration discrimination tasks, where a standard duration and a comparison duration are presented on each trial. In this study, we compare and test two models that posit a dynamically updating internal reference that biases time estimation on global and local scales in duration discrimination tasks. The internal reference model suggests that the internal reference operates during postperceptual stages and only interacts with the first presented duration. In contrast, a Bayesian account of time estimation implies that any perceived duration updates the internal reference and therefore interacts with both the first and second presented duration. We implemented both models and tested their predictions in a duration discrimination task where the standard duration varied from trial to trial. Our results are in line with a Bayesian perspective on time estimation. First, the standard systematically biased estimation of the comparison, such that shorter standards increased the likelihood of reporting that the comparison was shorter. Second, both the previous standard and comparison systematically biased time estimation of subsequent trials in the same direction. Third, more precise observers showed smaller biases. In sum, our findings suggest a common dynamic prior for time that is updated by each perceived duration and where the relative weighting of old and new observations is determined by their relative precision.

scholarly journals A Common Dynamic Prior for Time in Duration Discrimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joost de Jong ◽  
Elkan G. Akyurek ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Duration Discrimination ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Standard Duration ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
Relative Weighting ◽  
Perceived Duration

Estimation of time depends heavily on both global and local statistical context. For instance, durations that are short relative to the global distribution are systematically overestimated; durations that are locally preceded by long durations are also overestimated. Context effects are prominent in duration discrimination tasks, where a standard duration and a comparison duration are presented on each trial. In this study, we compare and test two models that posit a dynamically updating internal reference that biases time estimation on global and local scales in duration discrimination tasks. The Internal Reference Model suggests that the internal reference operates during post-perceptual stages and only interacts with the first presented duration. In contrast, a Bayesian account of time estimation implies that any perceived duration updates the internal reference and therefore interacts with both the first and second presented duration. We tested these predictions in a duration discrimination task where the standard duration varied from trial to trial. Our results are in line with a Bayesian perspective on time estimation. First, the standard systematically biased estimation of the comparison, such that shorter standards increased the likelihood of reporting that the comparison was shorter. Second, both the previous standard and comparison systematically biased time estimation of subsequent trials in the same direction. Third, more precise observers showed smaller biases. In sum, our findings suggest a common dynamic prior for time that is updated by each perceived duration and where the relative weighting of old and new observations is determined by their relative precision.

Decay of internal reference information in duration discrimination: Intertrial interval modulates the Type B effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1578-1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Ellinghaus ◽  
Mareike Gick ◽  
Rolf Ulrich ◽  
Karin M Bausenhart
Keyword(s):  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Duration Discrimination ◽  
Memory Representation ◽  
Type B ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Perceptual Memory ◽  
Negative Type

Psychophysical evidence suggests that human perception of a stimulus is assimilated towards previous stimuli. The internal reference model (IRM) explains such assimilation through an internal reference (IR), which integrates past and present stimulus representations and thus might be conceived as a form of perceptual memory. In this study, we investigated whether the IR decays with time, as previously shown for perceptual memory representations in general. One specific prediction of IRM is higher discrimination sensitivity when a constant standard precedes rather than follows a variable comparison in a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) discrimination task. Furthermore, the magnitude of this so-called negative Type B effect should decrease with decreasing weighting of past stimulus information in the integration process. Therefore, decay of the IR should result in a reduced Type B effect. To examine this prediction, we carried out a 2AFC duration discrimination experiment with a short (1,600 ms) and a long (3,200 ms) intertrial interval (ITI). As expected, a reduced negative Type B effect was observed at the long compared with the short ITI, consistent with the idea that humans rely on the immediate past when evaluating current sensory input, however, less so when the IR incorporating the perceptual short-term memory representation of these past stimuli has already decayed.

The Impact of Video Speed on the Estimation of Time Duration in Sport

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lisa-Marie Schütz ◽  
Geoffrey Schweizer ◽  
Henning Plessner
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Video Presentation ◽  
Sporting Activities ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Estimation Of Time

The authors investigated the impact of video speed on judging the duration of sport performance. In three experiments, they investigated whether the speed of video presentation (slow motion vs. real time) has an influence on the accuracy of time estimation of sporting activities (n1 = 103; n2 = 100; n3 = 106). In all three studies, the time estimation was more accurate in real time than in slow motion, in which time was overestimated. In two studies, the authors initially investigated whether actions in slow motion are perceived to last longer because the distance they cycled or ran is perceived to be longer (n4 = 92; n5 = 106). The results support the hypothesis that the duration of sporting activities is estimated more accurately when they are presented in real time than in slow motion. Sporting officials’ judgments that require accurate time estimation may thus be biased when based on slow-motion displays.

Time Estimation in Some Group Situations

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Vezio Ruggieri ◽  
Antonia Guerrera
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Subjective Estimation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Group Situation ◽  
Estimation Of Time

The subjective estimations of long durations of time were studied for two different types of experience, an analytically oriented (Bionian) group situation and a task group. In each group were 15 subjects. Significant differences emerge in estimations of duration of time for the two situations. Whereas for the task group there are no substantial errors in the subjective estimation of time, the analytically oriented group shows notable oscillations with respect to different cognitive and emotional situations which, from time to time, characterize the group situation.

Real-time estimation of time-dependent imposed heat flux in graded index media by KF-RLSE algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Wen ◽  
Hong Qi ◽  
Xiao-Ying Yu ◽  
Ya-Tao Ren ◽  
Lin-Yang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Graded Index ◽  
Real Time Estimation ◽  
Estimation Of Time

Time Estimation and Total Subjective Time

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Perceived Duration

Techniques for estimation of magnitude were used in a questionnaire given to 100 university students to test the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of actual time decreases in proportion to total subjective time rather than total chronological age. The results supported the subjective time hypothesis for retrospective reports of perceived duration of a year at both one-half and one-quarter of the subject's present age. In both cases the subjective time hypothesis provided a better fit to the data than the chronological age model. The hypothesis of the subjective time model that subjective life-span is equal to the square root of the statistically expected life-span was also tested but was not confirmed.

Multimodal Integration of Time

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin M. Bausenhart ◽  
Maria Dolores de la Rosa ◽  
Rolf Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Duration Discrimination ◽  
Audiovisual Integration ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Multimodal Integration ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Duration Information ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Duration Discrimination Task ◽  
Temporal Judgments ◽  
Perceived Duration

Recent studies suggest that the accuracy of duration discrimination for visually presented intervals is strongly impaired by concurrently presented auditory intervals of different duration, but not vice versa. Because these studies rely mostly on accuracy measures, it remains unclear whether this impairment results from changes in perceived duration or rather from a decrease in perceptual sensitivity. We therefore assessed complete psychometric functions in a duration discrimination task to disentangle effects on perceived duration and sensitivity. Specifically, participants compared two empty intervals marked by either visual or auditory pulses. These pulses were either presented unimodally, or accompanied by task-irrelevant pulses in the respective other modality, which defined conflicting intervals of identical, shorter, or longer duration. Participants were instructed to base their temporal judgments solely on the task-relevant modality. Despite this instruction, perceived duration was clearly biased toward the duration of the intervals marked in the task-irrelevant modality. This was not only found for the discrimination of visual intervals, but also, to a lesser extent, for the discrimination of auditory intervals. Discrimination sensitivity, however, was similar between all multimodal conditions, and only improved compared to the presentation of unimodal visual intervals. In a second experiment, evidence for multisensory integration was even found when the task-irrelevant modality did not contain any duration information, thus excluding noncompliant attention allocation as a basis of our results. Our results thus suggest that audiovisual integration of temporally discrepant signals does not impair discrimination sensitivity but rather alters perceived duration, presumably by means of a temporal ventriloquism effect.

scholarly journals The Varying Coherences of Implied Motion Modulates the Subjective Time Perception

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiming Li ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Lei Jia ◽  
Jiahao Lu ◽  
Youping Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Implied Motion ◽  
Experience Of Time ◽  
Standard Duration ◽  
Mediating Factor ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
Coherence Level ◽  
Perceived Duration

Previous research has demonstrated that duration of implied motion (IM) was dilated, whereas hMT+ activity related to perceptual processes on IM stimuli could be modulated by their motion coherence. Based on these findings, the present study aimed to examine whether subjective time perception of IM stimuli would be influenced by varying coherence levels. A temporal bisection task was used to measure the subjective experience of time, in which photographic stimuli showing a human moving in four directions (left, right, toward, or away from the viewer) were presented as probe stimuli. The varying coherence of these IM stimuli was manipulated by changing the percentage of pictures implying movement in one direction. Participants were required to judge whether the duration of probe stimulus was more similar to the long or short pre-presented standard duration. As predicted, the point of subjective equality was significantly modulated by the varying coherence of the IM stimuli, but not for no-IM stimuli. This finding suggests that coherence level might be a key mediating factor for perceived duration of IM images, and top-down perceptual stream from inferred motion could influence subjective experience of time perception.

scholarly journals One second is not a special time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklenin Sierra ◽  
David Poeppel ◽  
Alessandro Tavano
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Duration Discrimination ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Temporal Information Processing ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
The One ◽  
Timing Hypothesis ◽  
Special Time ◽  
Perceived Duration

The Distinct Timing Hypothesis (DTH) proposes that two different neuronal computations underlie temporal information processing below and above one second. We tested DTH predictions by varying the interval between two visual events (S and C) from 400 to 2000 ms. To verify whether attentive encoding processes play a role, we deployed three durations for S (120, 160, and 200 ms), which map to attentive sampling frequencies of 8.33, 6.25, and 5 Hz. The one-second divide does not modulate sensory precision in duration discrimination, while it determines whether participants will dilate/compress perceived S duration. However, all distortion effects disappear when S is extended to 200 ms, suggesting that a sampling rate of 5 Hz optimizes subjective decisions. Since the effects of the one-second divide on perceived duration are not hardwired, a single computational mechanism may underlie both sub-second and supra-second temporal scales for behavior, in flexible interaction with attentive encoding processes.

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