Time Estimation and Total Subjective Time

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Retrospective Reports ◽  
Age Model ◽  
Perceived Duration

Techniques for estimation of magnitude were used in a questionnaire given to 100 university students to test the hypothesis that the subjective duration of an interval of actual time decreases in proportion to total subjective time rather than total chronological age. The results supported the subjective time hypothesis for retrospective reports of perceived duration of a year at both one-half and one-quarter of the subject's present age. In both cases the subjective time hypothesis provided a better fit to the data than the chronological age model. The hypothesis of the subjective time model that subjective life-span is equal to the square root of the statistically expected life-span was also tested but was not confirmed.

Subjective Acceleration of Time with Aging

1975 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lemlich
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
College Students ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
New Hypothesis ◽  
Good Agreement

A quantitative theoretical model for the subjective acceleration of time with aging is presented. It is based on a new hypothesis, namely, that the subjective duration of an interval of real time decreases in mathematical proportion to total subjective time (rather than total real time). This gives a differential equation, the variables of which are separated and integrated to yield the result that the subjective duration of an interval of real time varies inversely with the square root of the total real time (age). This result was tested by polling college students and older adults as to their recollections regarding the relative apparent rate of the passage of time at various ages. Generally good agreement was obtained between the results of the poll and the results predicted by the theory.

Development of a Model To Predict Growth of Clostridium perfringens in Cooked Beef during Cooling

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH SMITH-SIMPSON ◽  
DONALD W. SCHAFFNER
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Performance Standard ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Time Model ◽  
New Model

The objective of this work was to develop a new model to predict the growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked meat during cooling. All data were collected under changing temperature conditions. Individual growth curves were fit using DMFit. Germination outgrowth and lag (GOL) time was modeled versus temperature at the end of GOL using conservative assumptions. Each growth curve was used to estimate a series of exponential growth rates at a series of temperatures. The square-root model was used to describe the relationship between the square root of the average exponential growth rate and effective temperature. Predictions from the new model were in close agreement with the data used to create the model. When predictions from the model were compared with new observations, fail-dangerous predictions were made a majority of the time. When GOL time was predicted exactly, many fail-dangerous predictions shifted toward the fail-safe direction. Two important facts regarding C. perfringens should impact future modeling research with this organism and may have broader food safety policy implications: (i) the normal variability in the response of the organism from replicate to replicate may be quite large (1 log CFU) and may exceed the current U.S. Food Safety Inspection Service performance standard, and (ii) the accuracy of the GOL time model has a profound influence upon the overall prediction, with small differences in GOL time prediction (~1 h) having a very large effect on the predicted final concentration of C. perfringens.

How Self-Motion in Virtual Reality Affects the Subjective Perception of Time

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-136
Author(s):  
Stefan Weber ◽  
David Weibel ◽  
Fred W. Mast
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Virtual Experiences ◽  
Self Motion

The velocity of moving stimuli has been linked to their experienced duration. This effect was extended to instances of self-motion, where one’s own movement affects the subjective length of time. However, the experimental evidence for this extension is scarce and the effect of self-motion has not been investigated using a reproduction paradigm. Therefore, we designed a virtual reality scenario that controls for attention and eliminates the confounding effect of velocity and acceleration. The scenario consisted of a virtual road on which participants (n = 26) moved along in a car for six different durations and with six different velocities. We measured the subjective duration of the movement with reproduction and direct numerical estimation. We also assessed levels of presence in the virtual world. Our results show that higher velocity was connected to longer subjective time for both forms of measurement. However, the effect showed deviations from linearity. Presence was not associated with subjective time and did not improve performance on the task. We interpreted the effect of velocity as corroborating previous work using stimulus motion, which showed the same positive association between velocity of movement and subjective time. The absence of an effect of presence was explained in terms of a lacking dependency of time on characteristics of the virtual environment. We suggest applying our findings to the design of virtual experiences intended for inducing time loss.

Age Effects in Perception of Time

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 921-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Wittmann ◽  
Sandra Lehnhoff
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Pearson Correlations

Despite the widespread belief that the subjective speed of the passage of time increases with age, empirical results are controversial. In this study, a combination of questionnaires was employed to assess subjective time perception by 499 subjects, ages 14 to 94 years. Pearson correlations and nonlinear regression analyses on a variety of questionnaires and the age of the participants show that the momentary perception of the passage of time and the retrospective judgment of past periods of time are a function of chronological age; however, small-to-moderate effects accounted for at most 10% of the variance. Results generally support the widespread perception that the passage of time speeds up with age. These results are discussed in the context of models of prospective and retrospective time judgment, but interpretations have to be treated with caution given methodological limitations.

Subjective Time Experience in an Intergenerational Sample

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Cooper ◽  
L. Eugene Thomas ◽  
Scott J. Stevens ◽  
David Suscovich
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Time Experience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

The roles chronological age and gender play in subjective time experience were explored in a sample of 294 adult men and women. Subjective time experience (STE: the difference between subjective age and chronological age) was found to vary widely among individuals, with some being “accurate” (SA = CA), and others either “retarded” (SA < CA) or “advanced” (SA > CA). Males were more retarded in STE than females at every point in the lifespan, and patterns of age differences in adulthood differed for the two sexes as well. The results suggest that chronological age may play a key role in transitions in STE, and that chronological age is more significant in the STE of women than in the STE of men.

Time Estimation: Effects of Cognitive Task, Presentation Rate, and Delay

1996 ◽  
Vol 83 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1387-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Heather A. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
Within Subjects

The variables of which subjective time is a function extend throughout a myriad of “people, places, and things.” This study measured subjective estimations of time as a function of complexity of cognitive task including arithmetic and recall (within subjects), the rate of stimulus (digit span) information (between subjects), and the delay between stimulus presentation and estimations of time (between subjects). A mixed analysis of variance 2 × 2 × 3 (repeated-measures) factorial design showed that retrospective time estimations were significantly different as a function of the main effects of rate of digit presentation and delay. Men and women showed no differences with no significant interactions so their data were pooled. Quotient values for ratios of delayed versus immediate estimates and slow versus fast rates showed overestimates of “real time.” Explanations based on the “storage-size model,” the “attention-allocation” model, and comparisons with Pedri and Hesketh's 1993 data are discussed.

scholarly journals A simple method for evaluation of the uptake of isoflurane and its comparison with the square root of time model

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
GoverdhanDutt Puri ◽  
Ashish Bangaari ◽  
NidhiBidyut Panda
Keyword(s):  
Square Root ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Simple Method

scholarly journals The influence of task difficulty and external tempo on subjective time estimation

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zakay ◽  
Devora Nitzan ◽  
Joseph Glicksohn
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Subjective Time

Immediate versus Remote Judgements: Delay of Response and Rate of Stimulus Presentation in Time Estimation

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Vitulli ◽  
Kathleen A. Crimmins
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Factorial Analysis ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Verbal Estimation ◽  
Main Effects

A systematic replication of Vitulli and Shepard's 1996 study showed that a change in response requirements (verbal estimation) from circling time intervals on a scoring sheet in the older study to writing subjective time estimates in the present study did not alter the robust effects of a delay in retrospective judgement. A complete 2×2×2 factorial analysis of variance showed main effects for rate (fast versus slow) of stimulus (random digits, 1–5) presentation and delay of estimate (immediate versus remote), yet there were no interactions among rate, delay, or sex. The interpolation of “filler tasks” between the end of the target interval and subjective estimate of the duration of the target interval significantly increased perceived time compared to estimates made immediately after the target interval.

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