scholarly journals Phrase-level Prosodic Smothering in Makonde

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Revett Rolle ◽  
Larry M. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relation ◽  
Previous Description ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Phonological Phrase

This paper focuses on the issue of ‘prosodic idiosyncrasies’ as it arises in the Bantu language Makonde [kde]. Recently, Bennett, Harizanov, & Henderson (2018) proposed ‘prosodic smothering’, whereby prosodic requirements of an outer morpheme override (i.e. ‘smother’) prosodic properties of inner morphemes. We extend their analysis to phrase-level phonology in Makonde. Previous description has established that whether a nominal modifier forms a single phonological phrase φ with the noun is an idiosyncratic property, e.g. a [noun adjective] phrase maps to 2 phonological phrases φ(n) φ(adj) while a [noun demonstrative] phrase forms a single phonological phrase φ(n dem). Prosodic smothering is seen in [noun adj dem] sequences which form a single φ(n adj dem) phonological phrase, where the adj has been ‘entrapped’ and its prosody ‘smothered’. We highlight three contributions which Makonde makes to understanding smothering: (i) smothering targets the lexical head, (ii) smothering is both inward-oriented (a morphological relation) and leftward-oriented (a linear relation), and (iii) a limited amount of outward smothering is parasitic on the presence of inward smothering. From the smothering facts in Makonde, we conclude that prosody is established at two stages: first, prosodic idiosyncrasies apply at spell-out (i.e. the mapping from syntax to phonology), followed by default prosodification which is established within the phonological module itself.

scholarly journals Phonological phrasing and questions in Chimwiini

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 83-116
Author(s):  
Charles W. Kisseberth
Keyword(s):  
Bantu Language ◽  
Wh Questions ◽  
Phonological Phrase

This paper examines how questions, both Wh-questions and yes-no questions, are phrased in Chimwiini, a Bantu language spoken in southern Somalia. Questions do not require any special phrasing principles, but Wh-questions do provide much evidence in support of the principle Align-Foc R, which requires that focused or emphasized words/constituents be located at the end of a phonological phrase. Question words and enclitics are always focused and thus appear at the end of a phrase. Although questions do not require any new phrasing principles, they do display complex accentual (tonal) behavior. This paper attempts to provide an account of these accentual phenomena.  

scholarly journals Phonological phrases in Xhosa (southern Bantu)

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 71-99
Author(s):  
Sabine Zerbian
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Phrase Boundary ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Phonological Phrase

This paper investigates how syntax and focus interact in deriving the phonological phrasing of utterances in Xhosa, a Bantu language spoken in South Africa. Although the influence of syntax on phrasing is uncontroversial, a purely syntactic analysis cannot account for all the data reported for Xhosa by Jokweni (1995). Focus influences the phrasing in that it inserts a phonological phrase-boundary after the focused constituent. This generalization can account for the variation found in the phrasing of adverbials. The findings are dealt with in an OT-based framework following Truckenbrodt's work on Chichewa (1995, 1999) which is extended to the phrasing of adjuncts.  

scholarly journals Uncovering Tonal and Temporal Correlates of Phrasal Prominence in Medʉmba

2019 ◽  
pp. 002383091988799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Franich
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Relative Timing ◽  
African Languages ◽  
Temporal Alignment ◽  
Tone Languages ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Grassfields Bantu ◽  
Tonal Patterns ◽  
Prosodic Boundaries ◽  
Phonological Phrase

Characterizing prosodic prominence relations in African tone languages is notoriously difficult, as typical acoustic cues to prominence (changes in F0, increases in intensity, etc.) can be difficult to distinguish from those which mark tonal contrasts. The task of establishing prominence is further complicated by the fact that tone, an important cue to syllable prominence and prosodic boundaries cross-linguistically, plays many roles in African languages: tones often signal lexical contrasts, can themselves be morphemes, and can also interact in key ways with prosody. The present study builds on phonological generalizations about tonal patterns in Medʉmba, a Grassfields Bantu language, and uses the speech cycling paradigm to investigate relative timing of syllables varying in phrase-level prominence. Specifically, we investigate timing asymmetries between syllables hypothesized to occur at the edge of a phonological phrase, which carry a high phrase accent, and those in phrase-medial position, which do not. Results indicate significant differences in the temporal alignment of accented versus non-accented syllables, with accented syllables occurring significantly closer to positions established as prominence-attracting in previous speech cycling research. We show that these findings cannot be attributed to differences in tone alone. Findings demonstrate the importance of relative temporal alignment as a correlate of prosodic prominence. Findings also point to increased duration as a phonetic property which distinguishes between syllables bearing phrasal prominence from those which do not.

scholarly journals Chronogenetic staging of tense in Ruhaya

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-56
Author(s):  
John Hewson ◽  
Derek Nurse ◽  
Henry Mugale
Keyword(s):  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The paradigm of tense and aspect contrasts in Ruhaya, an eastern Bantu language, shows considerable regularity, indication of an ordered system of contrasts. The examination of what appear to be anomalies in the system of contrasts leads to a refinement in the analysis: to the recognition of a tense system that is organised in two stages, based on a model proposed by Gustave Guillaume. Aspectual contrasts are prioritized at the first stage, tense contrasts at the second. Compound forms, which are typically combinations of Stage 2 + Stage 1 (in that order), are complex representations that are marked for both tense and aspect.

scholarly journals Sequences of high tones across word boundaries in Tswana

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Sabine Zerbian ◽  
Frank Kügler
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Obligatory Contour Principle ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Related Language ◽  
Word Boundaries ◽  
Phonological Phrase ◽  
Read Speech

The article analyses violations of the Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) above the word level in Tswana, a Southern Bantu language, by investigating the realization of adjacent lexical high tones across word boundaries. The results show that across word boundaries downstep (i.e. a lowering of the second in a series of adjacent high tones) only takes place within a phonological phrase. A phonological phrase break blocks downstep, even when the necessary tonal configuration is met. A phrase-based account is adopted in order to account for the occurrence of downstep. Our study confirms a pattern previously reported for the closely related language Southern Sotho and provides controlled, empirical data from Tswana, based on read speech of twelve speakers which has been analysed auditorily by two annotators as well as acoustically.

Altered Fine Structure of B Lymphocytes Correlated with Defective Terminal Differentiation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 386-387
Author(s):  
Dale E. Bockman ◽  
L. Y. Frank Wu ◽  
Alexander R. Lawton ◽  
Max D. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Immune Deficiency ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Terminal Differentiation ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Cell Line Generation

B-lymphocytes normally synthesize small amounts of immunoglobulin, some of which is incorporated into the cell membrane where it serves as receptor of antigen. These cells, on contact with specific antigen, proliferate and differentiate to plasma cells which synthesize and secrete large quantities of immunoglobulin. The two stages of differentiation of this cell line (generation of B-lymphocytes and antigen-driven maturation to plasma cells) are clearly separable during ontogeny and in some immune deficiency diseases. The present report describes morphologic aberrations of B-lymphocytes in two diseases in which second stage differentiation is defective.

Formation of Dislocation Channels in Neutron Irradiated Molybdenum

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 672-673
Author(s):  
S. Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Channel Formation ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Polycrystalline Molybdenum

The evolution of dislocation channels in irradiated metals during deformation can be envisaged to occur in three stages: (i) formation of embryonic cluster free regions, (ii) growth of these regions into microscopically observable channels and (iii) termination of their growth due to the accumulation of dislocation damage. The first two stages are particularly intriguing, and we have attempted to follow the early stages of channel formation in polycrystalline molybdenum, irradiated to 5×1019 n. cm−2 (E > 1 Mev) at the reactor ambient temperature (∼ 60°C), using transmission electron microscopy. The irradiated samples were strained, at room temperature, up to the macroscopic yield point.Figure 1 illustrates the early stages of channel formation. The observations suggest that the cluster free regions, such as A, B and C, form in isolated packets, which could subsequently link-up to evolve a channel.

Assessment of Questions and Questionaries

1971 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 222-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Two Stages ◽  
The Way

A method is presented for the evaluation of. both individual questions and whole questionaries. The method involves two stages, administering the questions and later an interview at which the questions are reasked and the answers checked. It is suggested that questions can be described by means of nine properties and that questionaries can be described by means of these same nine properties plus two others. A set of indices representing these properties is derived from the evaluation of a particular set of questions. The way certain indices are selected for different purposes is discussed.

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