scholarly journals Chronogenetic staging of tense in Ruhaya

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-56
Author(s):  
John Hewson ◽  
Derek Nurse ◽  
Henry Mugale
Keyword(s):  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The paradigm of tense and aspect contrasts in Ruhaya, an eastern Bantu language, shows considerable regularity, indication of an ordered system of contrasts. The examination of what appear to be anomalies in the system of contrasts leads to a refinement in the analysis: to the recognition of a tense system that is organised in two stages, based on a model proposed by Gustave Guillaume. Aspectual contrasts are prioritized at the first stage, tense contrasts at the second. Compound forms, which are typically combinations of Stage 2 + Stage 1 (in that order), are complex representations that are marked for both tense and aspect.

scholarly journals Effect of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition on dephosphorization behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Aijun Deng ◽  
Yunjin Xia ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Dingdong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Slag ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Hot Metal ◽  
Liquid Silicate ◽  
Phase Complex ◽  
Dephosphorization Slag ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Complex Liquid

AbstractThe effect of the addition of 2CaO·SiO2 solid particles on dephosphorization behavior in carbon-saturated hot metal was investigated. The research results showed that the addition of 2CaO·SiO2 particles have little influence on desilication and demanganization, and the removal of [Si] and [Mn] occurred in the first 5 min with different conditions where the contents of 2CaO·SiO2 particles addition for the conditions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 0, 2.2, 6.4, 8.6, and 13.0 g, respectively. The final dephosphorization ratios for the conditions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are 61.2%, 66.9%, 79.6%, 63.0%, and 78.1%, respectively. The dephosphorization ratio decreases with the increase of 2CaO·SiO2 particles in the first 3 min. The reason for this is that the dephosphorization process between hot metal and slag containing C2S phase consisted of two stages: Stage 1, [P] transfers from hot metal to liquid slag and Stage 2, the dephosphorization production (3CaO·P2O5) in liquid slag reacts with 2CaO·SiO2 to form C2S–C3P solid solution. The increase of 2CaO·SiO2 particles increases the viscosity of slag and weakens the dephosphorization ability of the stage 1. The SEM and XRD analyses show that the phase of dephosphorization slag with the addition of different 2CaO·SiO2 particles is composed of white RO phase, complex liquid silicate phase, and black solid phase (C2S or C2S–C3P). Because the contents of C2S–C3P and 2CaO·SiO2 in slag and the dephosphorization ability of the two stages are different, the dephosphorization ability with different conditions is different.

scholarly journals Archaeological studies In theIlmeny state reserve, South Urals

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
V.S. Mosin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The paper describes two stages of archeological studies at the territory of the Ilmeny State Reserve. Stage 1 is related to expedition of L.Ya. Krizhevskaya in 1961–1970, which resulted in fn-ding of more than 40 settlements and sites of the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Seven settlements were excavated. Stage 2 studies began in 2010 and are continued at present. These works allowed us to fnd about 40 sites and settlements of the Stone Age and to excavate of the Stone Age sites and Bronze Ages burials.

scholarly journals Apical Debris Extrusion by Adaptive Root Canal Instrumentation in Oval Canals: Full-Sequence SAF System vs. the XP-Endo Shaper Plus Sequence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajinkya M. Pawar ◽  
Bhaggyashri A. Pawar ◽  
Anuj Bhardwaj ◽  
Alexander Maniangat Luke ◽  
Zvi Metzger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Full Sequence ◽  
Apical Extrusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Root Canal Instrumentation

Apical extrusion of debris (AED) by the full sequence of the self-adjusting file (SAF) system was compared with that of the XP-endo shaper plus sequence. Sixty permanent mandibular incisors were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30) for root canal instrumentation: Group A: Stage 1—pre-SAF OS, pre-SAF 1 and pre-SAF 2 files, followed by Stage 2—1.5 mm SAF; and Group B: Stage 1— hand K-file 15/0.02, followed by Stage 2—XP-endo shaper and Stage 3—XP-endo finisher. The AED produced during instrumentation at each stage was collected in pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The weights of AED by the two methods were compared using t tests with significance level set at 5%. Group A produced significantly less total AED than Group B (p < 0.001), with no significant difference in debris extrusion between the two stages (p = 0.3014). Conversely, in Group B, a significant difference was noted between Stage 1 and Stages 2 and 3 (p < 0.01), with no significant difference between Stages 2 and 3 (p = 0.488). Both sequences resulted in measurable amounts of AED. Each phase, in either procedure, made its own contribution to the extrusion of debris.

scholarly journals Qualitative Interviewing: Testing Health Surveys Among Vietnam War Veterans at the Age of 70 Years

SAGE Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 215824401983269
Author(s):  
April S. Fales ◽  
Yasmin S. Cypel ◽  
Marsha E. Dunn ◽  
Ann L. Truelove ◽  
Erick K. Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Questionnaire Development ◽  
Usability Testing ◽  
Cognitive Interviewing ◽  
Item Recall ◽  
Subject Recruitment ◽  
Vietnam Era ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The Vietnam Era Health Retrospective Observational Study (VE-HEROeS) is a nationwide study designed to compare the health of U.S. Vietnam era veterans to age- and sex-matched U.S. residents. Two self-administered mail questionnaires, one for veterans and the other for the U.S. nonmilitary population, were developed using already validated and newly developed items. A pretest was conducted to evaluate item recall and comprehension, new-item response validity, and the overall survey experience (usability of survey materials including the screener questionnaire for nonveterans). Subject recruitment was completed using convenience sampling and a $50 incentive. Cognitive interviewing and usability interviewing, two qualitative research methods, were implemented. Interviews were conducted in two stages (Stage 1, cognitive interviewing, n = 12; Stage 2, usability testing, n = 8) by three experienced methodologists. Concurrent probing techniques, unscripted probes, and retroactive probing were used to elicit response from 14 veterans and six nonveterans (mostly male, White, and aged 65-70 years). Information about the overall survey process was also obtained through observation during usability testing. Results signify that qualitative research is an important part of questionnaire development targeting older veterans due to issues involving comprehension, interpretability, and recall.

Efficient two-stage sequential arrays of proof of concept studies for pharmaceutical portfolios

2020 ◽  
pp. 096228022095817
Author(s):  
Linchen He ◽  
Linqiu Du ◽  
Zoran Antonijevic ◽  
Martin Posch ◽  
Valeriy R Korostyshevskiy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Benefit Cost

Previous work has shown that individual randomized “proof-of-concept” (PoC) studies may be designed to maximize cost-effectiveness, subject to an overall PoC budget constraint. Maximizing cost-effectiveness has also been considered for arrays of simultaneously executed PoC studies. Defining Type III error as the opportunity cost of not performing a PoC study, we evaluate the common pharmaceutical practice of allocating PoC study funds in two stages. Stage 1, or the first wave of PoC studies, screens drugs to identify those to be permitted additional PoC studies in Stage 2. We investigate if this strategy significantly improves efficiency, despite slowing development. We quantify the benefit, cost, benefit-cost ratio, and Type III error given the number of Stage 1 PoC studies. Relative to a single stage PoC strategy, significant cost-effective gains are seen when at least one of the drugs has a low probability of success (10%) and especially when there are either few drugs (2) with a large number of indications allowed per drug (10) or a large portfolio of drugs (4). In these cases, the recommended number of Stage 1 PoC studies ranges from 2 to 4, tracking approximately with an inflection point in the minimization curve of Type III error.

scholarly journals Determining Ergonomic Smartphone Forms With High Grip Comfort and Attractive Design

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songil Lee ◽  
Gyouhyung Kyung ◽  
Jihhyeon Yi ◽  
Donghee Choi ◽  
Sungryul Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Hand Length ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

Objective: The authors aimed to identify ergonomic smartphone forms by investigating the effects of hand length, four major smartphone dimensions (height, width, thickness, and edge roundness), and smartphone mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Background: Despite their potential effect on grip comfort and design attractiveness, the dimensions specified above have never been simultaneously considered in a study investigating smartphone gripping. Method: Seventy-two young individuals participated in a three-stage study. Stage 1 determined the ranges of the four smartphone dimensions suitable for grip comfort and identified the strengths of their influences. Stage 2 investigated the effects of width and thickness (determined to have the greatest influence) on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Mock-ups of varying masses were fabricated using the dimensions determined during the first two stages to investigate the effect of mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness in Stage 3. Results: Phone width was found to significantly influence grip comfort and design attractiveness, and the dimensions of 140 × 65 (or 70) × 8 × 2.5 mm (height × width × thickness × edge roundness) provided high grip comfort and design attractiveness. The selected dimensions were fit with a mass of 122 g, with masses in the range of 106–137 g being comparable. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to ergonomic smartphone design developments by specifying dimensions and mass that provide high grip comfort and design attractiveness. Application: The dimensions and mass determined in this study should be considered for improving smartphone design grip comfort and attractiveness.

Comparative Study of Fuzzy Entropy with Relative Spike Amplitude Features for Recognizing Wake-Sleep Stage 1 EEGs

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natarajan Sriraam ◽  
B. R. Purnima ◽  
Uma Maheswari Krishnaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sleep Stage ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Fuzzy Entropy ◽  
Elman Neural Network ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Spike Amplitude ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Stage Analysis

Electroencephalogram (EEG) based sleep stage analysis considered to be the gold standard method for assessment of sleep architecture. Of importance, transition between the first two stages, wake-sleep stage 1 found to be reliable quantitative tool for drowsiness and fatigue detection. The selection of appropriate feature pattern for EEGs is a quite challenging task due to its non-linear and non-stationary nature of the EEG signals. This research work attempts to provide a comparative study of time influence of time domain feature, relative spike amplitude (RSA) with entropy feature, fuzzy entropy(FE) for recognizing the transition between wake and sleep stage 1. EEGs extracted from offline polysomnography database is used and the extracted RSA and FE wake-sleep stage 1 derived EEG features are further classified using a feedback recurrent Elman neural network (REN) classifier. EEGs are segmented into 1s pattern. Simulation of the REN classifier revealed that the FE feature with REN yields a CA of 99.6% compared to that of with RSA feature.

The Reformed Australian Child Support Scheme

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARET HARRISON
Keyword(s):  
Child Support ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Court Order ◽  
Taxable Income ◽  
Australian Child ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Payment Mechanisms

The Australian child support reforms were introduced in two stages between mid-1988 and late 1989. The first stage sought to increase the collection and payment of money due by reason of a court order, by establishing the Child Support Agency within the Taxation Office. This agency assumes responsibility for locating missing liable parents and, where possible, withdraws the amount owed from the salaries of liable parents. The second stage uses the collection and payment mechanisms established under Stage 1 and also assesses amounts due administratively by applying a formula that takes account of parental taxable income and the number of children for whom there is a support liability. Results of an evaluation of the first stage of the scheme are discussed. Although single-parent poverty will not be resolved by measures such as those initiated by the Australian government, the evidence is that amounts awarded under Stage 1 are higher than they were prior to the introduction of the reforms and that administrative assessment under Stage 2 is yielding higher amounts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Protein Concentration and Limiting Amino Acids Including Lysine and Met + Cys in Prestarter Diet on Performance of Broilers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Farkhoy ◽  
Mehrdad Modirsanei ◽  
Omid Ghavidel ◽  
Majid Sadegh ◽  
Sadegh Jafarnejad
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Limiting Amino Acids ◽  
Different Levels

Four experiments were conducted, in two stages, to evaluate protein and limiting amino acids' (lysine and methionine + cystine) levels in pre-starter diets on broilers’ performance. In each experiment of Stage 1, 640 new-born male Ross 308 cockerels were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In experiment 1-1, two levels of crude protein (CP: 21% and 23.2%) and four levels of Lys (1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5%) and in experiment 1-2, two levels of CP (21 and 23.2%) and four levels of Met + Cys (0.85, 0.90, 0.95, and 1.00%) were used. In Stage 2, the optimum levels of Lys and Met + Cys obtained from Stage 1 (1.3 and 1.5% Lys, 0.90 and 1.00% Met + Cys in experiment 1-1 and 1-2, resp.) with two levels of CP (21 and 23.2%) were used in two separate simultaneous experiments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for male and female birds. The levels of CP significantly influenced BWG and FCR in experiment 1-1. Dietary levels of Lys affect BWG (experiment 1-1) and FI (experiments 1-1 and 2-1) significantly. In experiments 1-2 and 2-2, the different levels of Met + Cys did not affect BWG, FI, and FCR of male or female broilers. The results of these experiments indicated that the optimal level of dietary protein and Lys were 23.2% and 1.5%, respectively. Diets with 1% Met + Cys caused optimal performance.

Symmetry and Antisymmetry in Maori Rafter Designs

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. H. Donnay ◽  
Gabrielle Donnay
Keyword(s):  
Group Theory ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Translational Symmetry ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Main Design ◽  
Geometrical Symmetry ◽  
Color Scheme ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Two Stages

The Maori settled in New Zealand in the eighth or ninth centuries A.D.; the Europeans, many centuries later. Maori meeting houses are very ornate: besides carved wood figures, painted black-red-white designs embellish rafters and structural posts. These designs stand out as highly sophisticated examples of the twenty-four known band groups of 2-dimensional 1-translational symmetry G21 and antisymmetry (G21)′ The two independent symmetry elements, periodically repeated by lattice p or antilattice p′, are any two of the following: mirror m and antimirror m′, both either transverse or longitudinal; glide plane a or antiglide plane a′, longitudinal only; and two-fold rotation axis 2 or anti-axis 2′. Pseudosymmetry is common and obviously intentional: desymmetrization is achieved by added motifs, inserted along the edges of the band, at cell boundaries or inside the main design, which possess their own symmetries, always lower than that of the original design. The resulting symmetry of the whole is the symmetry common to the superposed patterns. Desymmetrization is also obtained by topological deformations of the design or deviations from the color scheme imposed by antisymmetry. Such irregularities led to Herbert Williams' hypothesis that the artist worked in two stages: tracing the outline and working in the color [1]. This conjecture finds support in group theory: the geometrical symmetry group involving no change of color (stage 1) is turned into an antisymmetry group (stage 2), as red goes to black and black goes to red under antisymmetry operations. The international symmetry notation of crystallographers is shown to be well suited to describe the Maori designs.

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