scholarly journals Vowel Harmony and Other Morphological Processes in Turkish

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Eyüp Bacanlı ◽  
Darin Flynn ◽  
Amanda Pounder
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Modular Model ◽  
Morphological Processes

Vowel harmony appears to be a regular phonological process in Turkish, but nevertheless is not exceptionless. Due to these exceptions, it cannot be considered as part of the active phonology of Turkish. An analysis is proposed in which morphology and lexicon control vowel harmony and other processes similar in this regard. Morphology is unlike other modules of grammar in requiring access to all of syntactic, semantic, and phonological properties to function. One of the roles of morphology is to give commands to the phonology during formation of a complex word, such as "Carry out vowel harmony!" The phonology need not account for why such a command does not accompany certain suffixes, why it does not apply to all roots, nor why other commands only accompany a few suffixes. More generally, there is no need for phonology to access morphological information in a modular model of grammar.

Morpho-Phonological Processes in Korean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jongho Jun
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Correct Description ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Generative Linguistics ◽  
Optimal Analysis ◽  
Rule Application ◽  
Relevant Pattern

It has been an ongoing issue within generative linguistics how to properly analyze morpho-phonological processes. Morpho-phonological processes typically have exceptions, but nonetheless they are often productive. Such productive, but exceptionful, processes are difficult to analyze, since grammatical rules or constraints are normally invoked in the analysis of a productive pattern, whereas exceptions undermine the validity of the rules and constraints. In addition, productivity of a morpho-phonological process may be gradient, possibly reflecting the relative frequency of the relevant pattern in the lexicon. Simple lexical listing of exceptions as suppletive forms would not be sufficient to capture such gradient productivity of a process with exceptions. It is then necessary to posit grammatical rules or constraints even for exceptionful processes as long as they are at least in part productive. Moreover, the productivity can be correctly estimated only when the domain of rule application is correctly identified. Consequently, a morpho-phonological process cannot be properly analyzed unless we possess both the correct description of its application conditions and the appropriate stochastic grammatical mechanisms to capture its productivity. The same issues arise in the analysis of morpho-phonological processes in Korean, in particular, n-insertion, sai-siot, and vowel harmony. Those morpho-phonological processes have many exceptions and variations, which make them look quite irregular and unpredictable. However, they have at least a certain degree of productivity. Moreover, the variable application of each process is still systematic in that various factors, phonological, morphosyntactic, sociolinguistic, and processing, contribute to the overall probability of rule application. Crucially, grammatical rules and constraints, which have been proposed within generative linguistics to analyze categorical and exceptionless phenomena, may form an essential part of the analysis of the morpho-phonological processes in Korean. For an optimal analysis of each of the morpho-phonological processes in Korean, the correct conditions and domains for its application need to be identified first, and its exact productivity can then be measured. Finally, the appropriate stochastic grammatical mechanisms need to be found or developed in order to capture the measured productivity.

scholarly journals Types of Indonesian Reduplication as The Translation Equivalence of English Lexicons

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafi’ie ◽  
I Wayan Pastika ◽  
Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini
Keyword(s):  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Complex Word ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Contextual Meaning ◽  
Research Show ◽  
Grammatical Functions

This journal entitled Types of IndonesianReduplication as the Translation Equivalence of English Lexiconsinvestigates the types of Indonesian reduplications and how the English lexicons are translated in Indonesian reduplications. The data of the research is drawn from an English narrative textbook “The Magic” (Byrne, 2012) and its translation version in Indonesian “The Magic” (Purwoko, 2012). This study reveals three types of reduplications with their own distinctive forms and varieties on meaning implications, namely: full reduplication, partial reduplication, and imitative reduplication. Full reduplication consists of four sub-categories, namely: reduplication of simple words, reduplication of complex words, reduplication of bases within a complex word, and reduplication without corresponding single bases. The results of the research show that meaning is structured and therefore, it can be analyzed and represented into another language. English inflectional and derivational morphology can correspond productively to Indonesian reduplications. A menu of affixes of both English and Indonesian are the corresponding features of the morphological processes and the meaning components involvedin the translation equivalence analysis. The translation equivalence is then established by textual equivalence and formal correspondence or by contextual relations of the contextual meaning and relatable situational features of grammatical functions of the English lexicons into Indonesian reduplications.

Phonological Word and Grammatical Word

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Phonological Word ◽  
Fiji Islands ◽  
Syntactic Function ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Southern Amazonia ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Phonological Unit

‘Word’ is a cornerstone for the understanding of every language. It is a pronounceable phonological unit. It will also have a meaning, and a grammatical characterization-a morphological structure and a syntactic function. And it will be an entry in a dictionary and an orthographic item. ‘Word’ has ‘psychological reality’ for speakers, enabling them to talk about the meaning of a word, its appropriateness for use in a certain social context, and so on. This volume investigates ‘word’ in its phonological and grammatical guises, and how this concept can be applied to languages of distinct typological make-up-from highly synthetic to highly analytic. Criteria for phonological word often include stress, tone, and vowel harmony. Grammatical word is recognized based on its conventionalized coherence and meaning, and consists of a root to which morphological processes will apply. In most instances, ‘grammatical word’ and ‘phonological word’ coincide. In some instances, a phonological word may consist of more than one grammatical word. Or a grammatical word can consist of more than one phonological word, or there may be more complex relationships. The volume starts with a typological introduction summarizing the main issues. It is followed by eight chapters each dealing with ‘word’ in an individual language—Yidiñ from Australia, Fijian from the Fiji Islands, Jarawara from southern Amazonia, Japanese, Chamacoco from Paraguay, Murui from Colombia, Yalaku from New Guinea, Hmong from Laos and a number of diasporic communities, Lao, and Makary Kotoko from Cameroon. The final chapter contains a summary of our findings.

Asymmetries in Vowel Harmony

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry van der Hulst
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems ◽  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The World ◽  
Turkic Languages

This book deals with the phenomenon of vowel harmony, a phonological process whereby all the vowels in a word are required to share a specific phonological property, such as front or back articulation. Vowel harmony occurs in the majority of languages of the world, though only in very few European languages, and has been a central concern in phonological theory for many years. In this volume, Harry van der Hulst puts forward a new theory of vowel harmony, which accounts for the patterns of and exceptions to this phenomenon in the widest range of languages ever considered. The book begins with an overview of the general causes of asymmetries in vowel harmony systems. The two following chapters provide a detailed account of a new theory of vowel harmony based on unary elements and licensing, which is embedded in a general dependency-based theory of phonological structure. In the remaining chapters, this theory is applied to a variety of vowel harmony phenomena from typologically diverse languages, including palatal harmony in languages such as Finnish and Hungarian, labial harmony in Turkic languages, and tongue root systems in Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and Tungusic languages.

Unaltered morphemes as phonological triggers and targets in Rutooro

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22
Author(s):  
Lee S. Bickmore
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Bantu Languages ◽  
Bantu Language ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Western Uganda

Abstract Rutooro, a Bantu language spoken in western Uganda, exhibits two processes common to Bantu languages: Mid Vowel Harmony (MVH), by which a high vowel is lowered to mid if it follows a mid root vowel, and Consonant Mutation (CM), by which a high front vowel of certain morphemes trigger a change in the immediately preceding consonant. In forms where both rules could potentially apply, CM applies, but MVH does not, even though its structural description is met. Ultimately, it is shown that MVH is blocked when an alveolar fricative intervenes between the trigger and the target. The most anomalous forms are those that contain the short causative /-i/ and the Perfective suffix /-ir/. In some forms CM would be expected to apply, but does not, and in other forms MVH is expected to be blocked, but is not. The key to the analysis lies in the fact that CM is not a purely phonological process, but rather is only triggered by a small set of specific morphemes. The surface anomalies in the perfect forms can all be accounted for if one formalizes the relevant processes as only being triggered (or blocked) by unaltered [-ir].

A Language Approach to Treatment of Phonological Process Problems

1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Carter Young
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Conceptual Skills

Treatment strategies and therapy materials for remediation of phonological process problems are described. This approach uses the child's language and conceptual skills to facilitate the use of the sound contrasts necessary to convey meaning to the listener.

Alomorf Bahasa Loinang

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabillah Djindan
Keyword(s):  
Basic Word ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Central Sulawesi ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Loinang languageis one of the languages which has not been researched, especially in Baloa Dodavillage, Pagimana sub-district, Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province.This research focused on identifying the form of allomorph and analyzing theformation rule of allomorph in Loinang Language. The methode usedin this research is descriptive qualitative methode. The results showed that Loinang language consists of boundmorphemes such as prefix, suffix,infix, and confix. Each numbered 30 prefixes, 3 infixes, 3 suffixes, and, 13confixes as 49 pieces total affixes. Rules of formation of the appearance ofallomorph in Loinang language determined through the process of word formationor morphological processes, namely by affixation which form the class ofgrammatical categories of nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Allomorph found anappearance in a Loinang language, such as the morpheme members of paN- willmeet with the initial phonemes basic words /p/, /i/, /t/, /s/ to the variationsof allomorph pan-, pam-, paη-, morpheme members of poN- will meet with theinitial phonemes basic word /p/, /b/, /k/, /l/, /u/, /a/ to the variations ofallomorph po-, pom-, pompa-, pompo-, ponaη-, pon-, poη-, morpheme members ofpiN- will meet with the initial phonemes basic words /h/, /s/, /l/, /k/, /p/,/m/, /a/ to the variations of allomorph pi-, pin-, pino-, pinaha-, pinoko-,pinom-, pinompo-, pinoη-, morpheme members of tiN- will meet with the initialphonemes basic words /l/, /d/, /b/, /k/ to the variations of allomorph tina-,tinala-, tino-, tinom-, tinoη-, morpheme members of iN- will meet with theinitial phonemes basic words /h/, /l/, /i/, /o/ to the variations of allomorphi-, iη-, morpheme members of Mon- will meet with the initial phonemes basicwords /h/, /l/, /b/, /k/, /j/, /s/, /t/, /a/, /i/, /o/ to the variations ofallomorph mo-, mom-, mompo-, moη-, mon-, the form of allomorph -um- will meetonly with the basic word phonemes /t/ - /i/, /p/ - /u/, /g/ - /ԑ/, /t/ - /u/,/t/ - /i/, the form of allomorph -in- will only be met with the phonemes /p/ -/ԑ/, /t/ - /o/, /t/ - /a/, /t/ - /i/, /s/ - /u/, the form of allomorph -am-only be met with the phonemes /p/ - /a/, /m/ - /i/, /b/ - /a/, /p/ - /i/, /m/ -/ԑ/, the form of allomorph -mo will meet with the last phonemes basic words/i/, /a/, /s/, /Ɂ/, /n/, the form of allomorph -akon will meet with the lastphonemes basic words /η/, /m/, /o/, /u/, and the form of allomorph -i will meetwith the last phonemes basic words /η/,/m/,/s/. Keywords : Allomorph, Loinang, Generative

Nature of Contrast and Coarticulation: Evidence from Mizo Tones and Assamese Vowel Harmony

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indranil Dutta ◽  
Irfan S. ◽  
Pamir Gogoi ◽  
Priyankoo Sarmah
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony
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