KONTEKSTUALITAS DALAM PENAFSIRAN MENURUT BACTIAR SURIN: MELETAKKAN RASIONALITAS SEBAGAI PERANGKAT PEMAHAMAN AL-QUR’AN

The Rationality in interpretation that tends to be disputed can be used as an instrument to provide the contextual meaning of the Qur’an. Rationality equipped by science can actualize meanings that are more relevant to the development of society. The actual meaning has an impact on easier understanding for the community. This study aims to reveal the function of rationality in contextual interpretation without having to be fixated on the significance of a verse. This study uses primary data sources from Terjemah dan Tafsir al-Qur’an bahasa Arab dan Latin by Bachtiar Surin. This interpretation is used, aside from being abandoned by many researchers, it is also used as another way to actualizing meaning. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis as a data analysis tool. This study finds the significance of rationality in interpretation through the inseparable relationship of reason with the Qur'an. Intellect as a gift from God can be used to explain God's language. In its application, Rationality can provide contextual meaning in two forms. First, the actualization of meaning with terms that are relevant to a modern context. Second, rationality functions as scientific reasoning to provide factual evidence for the meaning of the Qur'an. The actualizing of the Qur'an meaning can be achieved by rationality so that the contextual device in interpretation does not only emphasize significant meaning on the verse. Rasionalitas dalam penafsiran yang cenderung diperselisihkan dapat dijadikan sarana untuk memberikan pemahaman terhadap al-Qur’an secara kontekstual. Rasionalitas yang dilengkapi oleh ilmu pengetahuan dapat mereaktualisasi makna yang lebih relevan dengan perkembangan masyarakat. Pemaknaan secara aktual berdampak pada pemahaman yang lebih mudah kepada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan fungsi rasionalitas dalam penafsiran kontekstual tanpa harus terpaku dengan signifikansi pesan yang terkandung dalam sebuah ayat. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan sumber data primer dari Terjemah dan Tafsir al-Qur’an bahasa Arab dan Latin karya Bachtiar Surin. Tafsir ini digunakan, selain ditinggalkan oleh banyak peneliti juga didasarkan pada penggunaan cara lain dalam mengaktualisasi makna. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan content analysis sebagai perangkat analisa data. Penelitian ini menemukan signifikansi rasionalitas dalam penafsiran melalui hubungan akal dengan al-Qur’an yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Akal sebagai anugerah Tuhan dapat digunakan untuk menjelaskan bahasa Tuhan. Dalam aplikasinya, akal dapat memberikan penafsiran secara kontekstual dalam dua bentuk. Pertama, reaktualisasi makna dengan istilah yang relevan dengan keilmuan modern. Kedua, rasionalitas berfungsi sebagai penalaran ilmiah dengan bentuk memberikan bukti faktual atas kebenaran kandungan makna al-Qur’an. Keberhasilan rasionalitas dalam mereaktualisasi makna dengan dua bentuk tersebut membuktikan bahwa penafsiran kontekstual dapat ditempuh dengan menggunakan rasionalitas yang bersifat subjektif, sehingga perangkat kontektulitas dalam penafsiran tidak hanya menekankan pada penemuan pesan makna sesuai dengan penggunaannya di masa al-Qur’an turun.

ON THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECULARISM AND RELIGIOSITY

The purpose of the article is to study the relationship between secularism and religiosity, to reveal the internal structure of their contextual meaning. The first part of the article examines the place of the principle of secularism in the system of spiritual and religious values. Secularization, secular, and references to secularization in most cases may be unclear. Currently, there is no easy way to standardize each term by associating it with only one concept. But the fact that different terms have a single linguistic root should not hide that they work in different conceptual frameworks with different histories. Although they sometimes inform each other, we must distinguish between the scope of application, such as a reference to temporary life or secular life, Constitutions that separate religion from politics, and the possible collapse of religion. The second part reveals the place of the concept of religiosity in the system of philosophical knowledge. The inconsistency and multilevel nature of religious life can be traced from the earliest time, primarily in religious analysis. The problem of determining the qualitative state of a believing person, aspirations, values, optimality of human behavior is reflected in this ideological scientific search for determining her religiosity, classification of types religion, religious behavior. Therefore, to date, the authors have not been able to avoid, firstly, an ethical assessment of the situations under consideration, and secondly, not to link the analysis conducted with the tasks and activities of a religious organization. The problem of religiosity in the consciousness and behavior of people, radical changes took place in society, which led to the emergence of new religious trends and changes in traditional trends. The terms denoting the main phenomena in religious life have undergone changes following religious life.

An Analysis of Figurative Language on The Lyrics of Coldplay's Selected Song

The purpose of this study was to know the kinds of figurative language used in selected lyrics of Coldplay song. This research was designed to identify some figurative language by understanding the general meaning when they are used in the lyrics of songs. The technique of descriptive analysis offered to analyze data by reading the data, then identifying the figurative language used in the lyrics of the song. After identifying some figurative languages then they are categorized into some kinds of figurative languages. Then, the general meaning of figurative language by identifying the lexical meaning and contextual meaning of the four selected lyrics of the song are used to analyze the data got from the song. Based on research findings, some figurative languages were found in Coldplay’s selected songs. Most of the figurative language which is used in the lyrics of Coldplay’s selected songs is “Hyperbole” which has a great exaggeration used to emphasize a point, and used for expressive or comic effect. The meanings which were found from the song are classified into connotative meanings. The lyrics of Coldplay’s selected songs tell us about humanity’s social life which contains love, sadness, happiness, spirit and others. In the lyrics of Coldplay’s selected songs, figurative languages are helpful to understand the song. The existence of figurative language is not to complicate the understanding of lyrics but to simplify and clear the understanding of lyrics. The song is very suitable for English Learners who want to improve their English skills in analyzing lyrics that contain figurative language. From the explanation above can be concluded that in analyzing lyrics besides finding figurative language in lyrics, the meanings of the song that contain figurative languages and messages of the song can be understood.

Rhetorical Analysis of the Use of Metaphor in Ghana’s First and Former President, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah’s Political Speeches

In the late 1970s, linguists such as George Lakoff, Mark Johnson, and Michael Reddy began to realize that metaphor was extremely common and related to thought and action. Indeed, they claimed that “our conceptual system…is fundamentally metaphoric in nature” (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). Owing to this, metaphor is used in all-out endeavours: socially, economically, politically, etc. From this perspective, this paper analyzes the use of metaphor in a corpus of speeches delivered by a prominent figure in Ghanaian politics. This is none other than one of the pioneers of African emancipation, the former and first president of the Republic of Ghana Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, in his fight for Independence for Ghana and African unity. It portrays the use of metaphor as a powerful tool to convey information, thereby making it more convincing to serve its intended purpose. It also reveals how Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana’s first president) used rhetoric to achieve his political aims. It unravels the metaphors used in his speech delivered on 10th July 1953, which is collected from samples of his speeches published online. Secondly, this paper adopts the use of MIPVU (which is a systematic and transparent procedure for identifying linguistic metaphors). It achieves inter-coder reliability and does not identify conceptual metaphors. By adopting MIPVU, lexical units of the sentences will be examined and then the contextual meaning of the unit will be established to determine more basic meaning. If the contextual meaning contrasts with the basic meaning but can be understood in comparison with it, then the unit will be marked as a metaphor. When the metaphor was identified, I used critical discourse analysis (CDA) methodology for data analysis. This paper's findings clearly demonstrate that the metaphor is predominant in political discourse and can actually trigger social action.

Identifying the Problems EFL Students Encounter in Translating Adverbs from English into Arabic

While discussing the grammatical problems EFL learners confront in translating between languages, especially in translating adverbs as a basic category in English Grammar, it is significantly highlighting the difficulties these learners encounter and justifying the errors they make when translating adverbs and adverbial phrases from English into Arabic. Obviously, the errors are due to the fact that both languages at hand belong to two sharply distant language families and systems. In other words, language is culture-specific; what might be in one, might not be the same in the other, this leads to the ambiguity and misunderstanding of adverbs real contextual meaning, resulting the displacement of adverbs within sentences. Besides, Arab learners of English are sufficiently competent of English language and culture, thus English adverbs system and adverbial order, and their counterparts in Arabic which in turn affect their translation into their native. The study, therefore, suggests some strategies to be employed by Arab learners when translating English adverbs into Arabic. However, it is hypothesized that EFL students at the undergraduate level have confusion in understanding the adverbs contextual meaning or in other words their sentential meaning, thus err when translating these adverbs from English into Arabic. To prove the hypotheses of the study, two tests, of five sentences each, are set for fifty randomly chosen students at the undergraduate level to do; the first test is set to re-place the adverbs properly within sentences; whereas the second is set to translate English adverbs into Arabic contextually. Then the data of the study are analyzed and the results of the tests are evaluated to show how sentence meaning is affected by the misplacement and mistranslation of adverbs and adverbial phrases. In addition, to prove that the deficiencies in translation are due to the dissimilarities between English and Arabic adverbs meaning and order, and Arabic learner

Penggunaan Dandan, Dondon, Gungun, dan Masumasu pada Artikel Asahi Shinbun (edisi Juni 2020)

This research is entitled "The use of Dandan, Dondon, Gungun, and masumasu in the Asahi Shinbun article (June 2020 edition)". Dandan, dondon, gungun, and masumasu have something in common, which means "more and more", but there are differences between the four adverb that can be seen in the sentences listed in the Asahi Shinbun article. This study aims to determine the structure, function, and contextual meaning of adverb dandan, dondon, gungun, and masumasu found in the June 2020 edition of the Asahi Shinbun article. The data in this study were obtained using the observation method and were collected using note-taking techniques. The collected data were analyzed using Verhaar's (2010) syntactic theory which is supported by the concepts of fukushi dandan, dondon, gungun, and masumasu by Akira (1998) and Pateda's theory of contextual meaning (2010). The method used to analyze the data is the descriptive method, namely by describing the results of the analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the structure that forms a sentence contains dandan, dondon, gungun, and masumasu, namely followed by verbs, nouns, adjectives, and some are followed by verbs. Dandan shows that it serves to explain verbs, nouns, and verbs. Dondon serves to explain verbs and nouns. Gungun functions only to explain verbs. Masumasu functions to explain verbs and adjectives. Four types of contextual meanings affect dandan sentences, namely the context of the time, the context of the mood of the speaker/listener, the context of the situation, and the context of the goal. Three types of contextual meanings influence the dondon sentence, namely the object context, the objective, and the situation context. Two types of contextual meanings affect the sentence, namely the mood context of the speaker/listener, and the context of the goal and then the contextual meaning affects the masumasu sentence are four types, namely the context of the time, the context of the object, the context of the situation, and the context of the mood of the speaker/listener.

Term or Phrase Usage and Contextual Meaning: A Reexamination of Semantic Issues in Translation

It has been observed that “words do not have meanings but rather meanings have words.” But even more, words and phrases, usually thought of as the basic units of meaning, actually should be seen as having only usages within contexts. These contexts themselves are the elements of communication that activate mental and bodily states and processes, and can be properly thought of as the construal of meaning. Sometimes these contexts of usage are shaped by phonological or grammatical patterns (see B. Bergen), sometimes by sociological factors such as reciprocity (see E. Goffman), and of course most commonly by lexical (usually radial) patterns and categories (traditionally presented as “semantic domains”). Cognitive linguists (e.g., Lakoff, Turner) have been hinting at something like this for a long time, but a clear restatement of what constitutes semantics is overdue.

AN ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE FOUND IN SONG OF BRUNO MARS ENTITLED “GRENADE”

Individuals use language as a means of communication everywhere and at all times. In today's world, figurative language is often encountered in everyday life, such as in song lyrics. Figurative language is a way of describing something without saying it directly. This research aims to investigate the figurative languages found in the lyrics of the song "Grenade" by analyzing their context and attempting to decipher their meaning. The data tool is song lyrics found on the internet, and the research approach is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results revealed that this album employs figurative language such as metaphor, hyperbole, and repetition. Furthermore, the most figurative words used in the lyrics is hyperbole. Each figurative language's contextual sense is often clarified in relation to the lyric's situation. Keywords: Figurative Language, Song lyrics, Contextual Meaning