Implementation of the Tourism Development Master Plan Policy in the Tourism Village of Kepuharjo, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency

Based on Law Number 23 of 2014, the potential for improving community welfare is an optional affair by the government. This encourages every local government to develop a tourist village. Therefore, this study provides an overview of the application of the rules in order to develop the Kepuharjo Tourism Village in Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency. Furthermore, this study uses the type of rule application from George C. Edward III. In the preparation of this research, the researcher used a descriptive qualitative approach. This means that the types of data sources used are primary and secondary data. Based on the results of interviews and observations, it can be concluded that the implementation of the policy for developing the Tourism Village of Kepuharjo Village is not optimal. The implementation of the program is not optimal because there are several factors that influence the development of tourism villages, namely from the resources and bureaucratic structures. Meanwhile, the driving factors for the development of the tourism village are aspects of communication and disposition.

Towards a complete Logical Phonology model of intrasegmental changes

All changes to the internal structure of phonological segments arise from combinations of rules based on two set-theoretic operations: feature deletion by set subtraction and feature insertion by unification. Apparent cases of rules targeting underspecified segments reflect two kinds of vacuous rule application, one due to unification failure and the other due to vacuous unification. Despite this reduction of all segment-internal changes to two basic mechanisms we can account for a wide variety of patterns, including the reciprocal neutralization and apparent exceptional behavior seen in Hungarian voicing assimilation.

Finitely Materialisable Datalog Programs with Metric Temporal Operators

DatalogMTL is an extension of Datalog with metric temporal operators that has recently received significant attention. In contrast to plain Datalog, where scalable implementations are often based on materialisation (a.k.a. forward chaining), reasoning algorithms for recursive fragments of DatalogMTL are automata-based and not well suited for practice. In this paper we propose the class of finitely materialisable DatalogMTL programs, for which forward chaining reasoning terminates after finitely many rounds of rule application. We show that, for bounded programs (a large fragment of DatalogMTL where temporal intervals are restricted to not mention infinity), checking whether a program is finitely materialisable is feasible in exponential time, and propose sufficient conditions for finite materialisability that can be checked more efficiently. We finally show that fact entailment over finitely materialisable bounded programs is ExpTime-complete, and hence no harder than Datalog reasoning.

Administrative Justice and Cultures of Rule Application

Most modern administrative agencies employ a body of authoritative rules, designed to guide and constrain officials and to promote administrative justice. Decades ago, however, American ‘legal realist’ scholars questioned whether legal rules can in fact control official decision-making. This essay, drawing on sociolegal research, first shows that through social and organizational processes, administrative agencies and offices develop ‘cultures of rule application’ that make rules matter. Secondly, the essay discusses variation across administrative agencies in their cultures of rule application, resulting in interpretive styles that range from legalistic to flexible and consequence-oriented. Finally, the essay discusses organizational, contextual, and political variables that influence agencies’ development of particular cultures of rule application.

ON and DP v. Russian Federation

463Human rights — Women’s rights — Elimination of discrimination against women — Sexual orientation — Exhaustion of domestic remedies — Due diligence obligations — Obligation to investigate — Requirement of prompt and impartial investigation — Protection of lesbian women from violence — Gender stereotypes — Committee case law and general recommendations — Remedies — Whether Russian Federation violating Articles 1, 2 and 5 of United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979International tribunals — Jurisdiction and admissibility — United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women — Local remedies rule — Application in light of time bar under national law

Nominal Equational Problems

We define nominal equational problems of the form $$\exists \overline{W} \forall \overline{Y} : P$$ ∃ W ¯ ∀ Y ¯ : P , where $$P$$ P consists of conjunctions and disjunctions of equations $$s\approx _\alpha t$$ s ≈ α t , freshness constraints $$a\#t$$ a # t and their negations: $$s \not \approx _\alpha t$$ s ≉ α t and "Equation missing", where $$a$$ a is an atom and $$s, t$$ s , t nominal terms. We give a general definition of solution and a set of simplification rules to compute solutions in the nominal ground term algebra. For the latter, we define notions of solved form from which solutions can be easily extracted and show that the simplification rules are sound, preserving, and complete. With a particular strategy for rule application, the simplification process terminates and thus specifies an algorithm to solve nominal equational problems. These results generalise previous results obtained by Comon and Lescanne for first-order languages to languages with binding operators. In particular, we show that the problem of deciding the validity of a first-order equational formula in a language with binding operators (i.e., validity modulo $$\alpha $$ α -equality) is decidable.

Design Rules Application in Manufacturing Industries: A State of the Art Survey and Proposal of a Context-Aware Approach

Abstract[Context] In manufacturing industries, the design of a product needs to comply with many design rules. These rules are essentials as they help industrial designers to create high quality design in an efficient way. [Problem] However, the management of an ever-increasing number of design rules becomes a real problem, especially for new designers. Even if there exists some knowledge management tools for design rules, their capabilities are still limited and many companies continue to store their design rules in unstructured documents. Nowadays, design rule application is still a difficult task that needs a circular validation process between many expert services in a manufacturing company. [Proposition] In this paper, we will analyze the main existing approaches for design rules application from which we will demonstrate the need of a new approach to improve the current state-of-the-art practices. To minimize rule application impact on the design process, we propose to develop a Context-Aware Design Assistant that will perform design rule recommendation on the fly while designing using computer-aided technologies. Our Design Assistant relies on the modelling of the design rules and the design context in a single knowledge graph that can fuel a recommendation engine. [Future Work] In future work, we will describe the technical structure of the Context-Aware Design Assistant and develop it. The potential outcome of this research are: a better workflow integration of design rules application, a proactive verification of design solutions, a continuous learning of design rules, the detection and automation of design routines.

Below the surface: The application of implicit morpho-graphic regularities to novel word spelling

Previous corpus studies have shown that the English spelling system is ‘morpho-graphic’ (Berg and Aronoff 2017) in that affixes are spelt in a consistent way (e.g., ‹ous› in famous) that distinguishes them from homophonous word endings without grammatical function (e.g., ‹us› in bonus). The present paper investigates if English spellers apply these regularities to the spelling of novel words implicitly and whether the application of those regularities is modulated by experience with the English writing system. Participants with varying degrees of expertise in the English writing system were asked to spell novel words ending in /əs/, which were presented orally in either an adjective context (i.e., biasing towards the affix spelling ‹ous›) or a noun context (i.e., biasing towards an alternative spelling such as ‹us›). The results showed that the adjective context elicited significantly more ‹ous› spellings than the noun context, indicating that participants applied morpho-graphic spelling regularities to novel words to mark the appropriate lexical category. Additionally, there was a modulation by spelling ability: The higher participants’ expertise in the English spelling system was, the more novel words they spelt according to morpho-graphic spelling regularities. In conclusion, English spellers are aware of the morpho-graphic spelling regularities without explicit instruction and apply these to novel words. They gradually induce the regularities from the input, which results in more robust rule application with increased experience and expertise in the English writing system.

Analisis Miskonsepsi Siswa SMP pada Materi Operasi Hitung Bentuk Aljabar

AbstrakRendahnya kemampuan pemahaman konsep siswa pada materi operasi hitung bentuk aljabar menjadi salah satu permasalahan yang ditemui saat belajar materi Aljabar. Banyak miskonsepsi yang ditemukan pada materi operasi hitung bentuk aljabar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bentuk miskonsepsi yang dialami siswa pada materi operasi hitung bentuk aljabar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 1 Cibatu kelas VII-H yang berjumlah sebanyak 32 siswa dengan 3 siswa dipilih secara purposive sampling untuk dijadikan partisipan pilihan. Teknik analisis data secara deskriptif melihat hasil jawaban siswa, hasil wawancara, serta dokumentasi menggunakan model Miles and Huberman, sehingga triangulasi data terpenuhi. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan beberapa miskonsepsi yang dialami siswa pada materi operasi hitung bentuk aljabar yang dikategorikan dalam empat jenis, diantaranya miskonsepsi generalisasi, miskonsepi notasi, miskonsepsi pengartian huruf dan misonsepsi aplikasi aturan. Diketahuinya keempat miskonsepsi ini diharapkan guru-guru dapat lebih waspada saat mengajar materi aljabar terhadap keempat miskonsepsi ini. Analysis of Middle School Students' Misconceptions on the Material of Calculating Operations in Algebraic Forms AbstractThe low ability of students to understand concepts in the algebraic arithmetic operation material is one of the problems encountered when learning algebra material. Many misconceptions are found in the arithmetic operation material in algebraic form. The purpose of this study was to determine the form of misconceptions experienced by students in the algebraic form of arithmetic operations. The research method used is qualitative. The research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Cibatu class VII-H, amounting to 32 students with 3 students selected by purposive sampling to be selected participants. The descriptive data analysis technique saw the results of students' answers, interviews, and documentation using the Miles and Huberman model so that data triangulation was fulfilled. From the results of the study, it was found that several misconceptions experienced by students in the algebraic arithmetic operation material were categorized into four types, including generalization misconceptions, notation misconceptions, letter interpreting misconceptions, and rule application misconceptions. Knowing these four misconceptions, it is hoped that teachers will be more vigilant when teaching algebraic material regarding these four misconceptions.

Classical Generative Morphology

The scope of classical generative morphology is not clearly determined. All three components need clarification. The boundaries of what counts as generative linguistics are not unambiguously set, but it can be assumed that all generative work in linguistics is inspired by the work of Noam Chomsky. Morphology was a much more prominent component of linguistic theory in earlier approaches, but of course the subject field had to be accounted for also in generative linguistics. The label classical can be seen as restricting the scope both to the more mainstream approaches and to a period that ends before the present. Here, the early 1990s will be taken as the time when classical theorizing gave way to contemporary generative morphology. In the earliest presentations of generative linguistics, there was no lexicon. The introduction of the lexicon made many of the ideas formulated before obsolete. Chomsky’s Lexicalist Hypothesis provided the basis for a new start of research in morphology. Two contrasting elaborations appeared in the early 1970s. Halle proposed a model based on the combination of morphemes, Jackendoff one based on the representation and analysis of full words. Against this background, a number of characteristic issues were discussed in the 1970s and 1980s. One such issue was the form of rules. Here there was a shift from transformations to rewrite rules. This shift can be seen particularly well in the discussion of verbal compounds, e.g., truck driver. The question whether and how morphology should be distinguished from syntax generated a lot of discussion. Another broad question was the degree to which rules of morphology should be thought of as operating in separate components. This can be observed in the issue of the distinction of inflection and derivation and in level ordering. The latter was a proposal to divide affixes into classes with different phonological and other effects on the base they attach to. A side effect of level ordering was the appearance of bracketing paradoxes, where, for instance, generative grammarian has a phonological constituent grammarian but a semantic constituent generative grammar. Another aspect of rule application which can be constructed as a difference between morphology and syntax is productivity. In general, syntactic rules are more productive and morphological rules display blocking effects, where, for instance, unpossible is blocked by the existence of impossible. Being classical, much of the discussions in this period serves as a shared background for the emergence and discussion of current generative approaches in morphology. The transition to these theories started in the 1990s, although some of them appeared only in the early 2000s.