scholarly journals Information Packaging: From Cards To Boxes

2015 ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Herman Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Information Packaging

In his work on information packaging-i.e., the structuring of propositional content in function of the speaker's assumptions about the hearer's information state­ Vallduví (1992, 1993, 1994) identifies the informational primitives <it>focus</it>, <it>link</it> and <it>tail</it>, which are adapted from the traditional focus/ground and topic/comment ap­proaches, and argues that the exploitation of information states of hearers by the information-packaging strategies of speakers reveals that these states have at least the internal structure of a system of Heimian file cards: links, which correspond to what are traditionally known as topics, say <it>where</it>-on what file card-the focal information goes, and tails indicate <it>how</it> it fits there. Since there are various reasons for not believing this, the present paper proposes to model information states as Kampian discourse representation structures, without locations. This requires and leads to a different perspective on the function of links. They signal non-monotone anaphora: their discourse referent Y is anaphoric to an antecedent discourse marker X such that X ? Y. This idea will be shown to subsume 'non-identity' anaphora, contrastive stress, pronoun referent resolution, and restrictiveness of relatives and adjectives.

scholarly journals Information Packaging: From Cards To Boxes

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Information Packaging

In his work on information packaging-i.e., the structuring of propositional content in function of the speaker's assumptions about the hearer's information state­ Vallduví (1992, 1993, 1994) identifies the informational primitives <it>focus</it>, <it>link</it> and <it>tail</it>, which are adapted from the traditional focus/ground and topic/comment ap­proaches, and argues that the exploitation of information states of hearers by the information-packaging strategies of speakers reveals that these states have at least the internal structure of a system of Heimian file cards: links, which correspond to what are traditionally known as topics, say <it>where</it>-on what file card-the focal information goes, and tails indicate <it>how</it> it fits there. Since there are various reasons for not believing this, the present paper proposes to model information states as Kampian discourse representation structures, without locations. This requires and leads to a different perspective on the function of links. They signal non-monotone anaphora: their discourse referent Y is anaphoric to an antecedent discourse marker X such that X ? Y. This idea will be shown to subsume 'non-identity' anaphora, contrastive stress, pronoun referent resolution, and restrictiveness of relatives and adjectives.

Remarks on propositional nominalization

2020 ◽  
pp. 255-276
Author(s):  
Keir Moulton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Discourse Anaphora

Moulton’s ‘Remarks on propositional nominalization’ investigates nominalization at the highest reaches of the extended verbal projection, finite CPs. While CPs can express propositions, Moulton puts forward the novel claim that only nominalization of CPs by a semantically-contentful N can deliver reference to propositional objects. This conclusion is in contrast to the propositional nominalization operations proposed in Chierchia (1984), Potts (2002), and Takahashi (2010). Evidence comes from a correlation between two types of D+CP constructions in Spanish (Picallo, 2002; Serrano, 2014, 2015) and the kind of propositions they can describe. Moulton then shows that a similar pattern arises in the case of exophoric propositional proforms, a novel observation. Putting the two case studies together, the following picture emerges: Natural language does not permit reference to proposition-like objects directly by adding a D to a CP, but only via some content-bearing entity (e.g. Moltmann’s (2013) attitudinal objects). In the case of propositional nominalizations, this entity must come in the form a lexical N; in the case of propositional discourse anaphora, this must come in the form of a discourse referent that bears propositional content, such as an assertion event (Hacquard, 2006). <189>

scholarly journals Toward a more fine-grained theory of temporal adverbials

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gordon Altshuler
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Representation Theory ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Core ◽  
Temporal Interpretation ◽  
Core Property ◽  
Speech Time ◽  
New Time

In this paper I propose that a core property of adverbial meaning is the ability (or the lack thereof) of an adverbial to introduce a new time discourse referent. The core data comes from 'that same day' in narrative discourse. I argue that unlike other previously studied temporal adverbials—which introduce a new time discourse referent and relate it to the speech time or a previously mentioned time—'that same' retrieves two salient times from the input context, i.e. it is "twice-anaphoric", without introducing one of its own. Moreover, I argue that the adverb 'currently' is like 'that same day' in not introducing a new time discourse referent; it constrains the temporal location of a described eventuality relative to a salient time previously introduced into the discourse context. The analysis that I propose is implemented within Compositional Discourse Representation Theory. It illustrates how adverbial meaning can be integrated within a more general theory of temporal interpretation.

scholarly journals Toward a more fine-grained theory of temporal adverbials

2015 ◽  
pp. 652
Author(s):  
Daniel Gordon Altshuler
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Representation Theory ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Core ◽  
Temporal Interpretation ◽  
Core Property ◽  
Speech Time ◽  
New Time

In this paper I propose that a core property of adverbial meaning is the ability (or the lack thereof) of an adverbial to introduce a new time discourse referent. The core data comes from 'that same day' in narrative discourse. I argue that unlike other previously studied temporal adverbials—which introduce a new time discourse referent and relate it to the speech time or a previously mentioned time—'that same' retrieves two salient times from the input context, i.e. it is "twice-anaphoric", without introducing one of its own. Moreover, I argue that the adverb 'currently' is like 'that same day' in not introducing a new time discourse referent; it constrains the temporal location of a described eventuality relative to a salient time previously introduced into the discourse context. The analysis that I propose is implemented within Compositional Discourse Representation Theory. It illustrates how adverbial meaning can be integrated within a more general theory of temporal interpretation.

Translating Presuppositions

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-183
Author(s):  
Paul R. Kroeger
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Content ◽  
Conventional Implicature ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information Packaging

Expressing source language (SL) presuppositions as presuppositions in the receptor language (RL) is sometimes impossible, due to linguistic differences between the languages. In other cases it can cause problems of comprehension or naturalness for RL readers, especially when the “presupposition” constitutes new information to the reader. The most common solution to such problems is to express the presupposed content as a separate assertion. This strategy preserves the propositional content of the original but distorts the information packaging. Another strategy that may be useful in such cases is to render the problematic SL presupposition as a conventional implicature, preserving the “backgrounded” status of the presupposed information without triggering an inference that this information is already known to the addressee.

scholarly journals La gestione del discorso: una funzione metadiscorsiva

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113
Author(s):  
Jana Kenda
Keyword(s):  
Unique Property ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
The Subject

Speech management: a metadiscursive function Metadiscourse (MD) is the unique property of human language to codify messages on language itself. It reveals the author’s presence in reference to speech management and other interventions or comments with which the author either illustrates their opinion on the subject or leads the interlocutor/reader to an understanding of their message. MD was traditionally distinguished from propositional material and considered “material not belonging to the object of discourse”. This paper argues that MD not only supports propositional content, but represents the crucial means by which the latter is perceived by the interlocutor/reader. It also includes a presentation of Ädel’s so-called reflexive model, which avoids the dichotomy between proposition and MD, takes both the author and their interlocutor/reader into consideration, and appropriately highlights the reflexivity through which the importance of the author’s awareness of the text is brought into focus. The empirical part includes the illustration of the metadiscursive functions of the discourse marker cioè.

scholarly journals Between Time and Discourse A Syntactic Analysis of Italian poi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Cognola ◽  
Silvio Cruschina
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Logical Connective ◽  
Discourse Marker

In this article the different functions of Italian poi are described and analysed from a cartographic perspective. We show that in addition to its use as a temporal adverb (after, then), poi can be used as a temporal or logical connective adverb, as a discourse marker and as a modal particle. These functions can be correlated with different positions in the clause and with differences in the internal structure of the element itself. Finally, we identify the syntactic environments and sentence types in which poi occurs in its function as a modal particle, as well as the special interpretations that are associated with its presence.

Tense and Aspect in Discourse Representation Theory

2019 ◽  
pp. 521-582
Author(s):  
Hans Kamp
Keyword(s):  
Representation Theory ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Representation Theory ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Discourse Relations ◽  
Discourse Interpretation ◽  
Aspectual Meaning

This chapter is about the treatment of tense and aspect in Discourse Representation Theory. The focus is on the role that different tense forms and other sentence constituents with temporal and/or aspectual meaning components have on the interpretation of sentence sequences: how the occurrence of such a constituent in a sentence links its interpretation temporally or aspectually to that of the sentence of sentences preceding it. The concern on the discourse linking role of tenses and other sentence constituents led to DRT in the first place, with its architecture that is geared to deal with the systematic properties of incremental discourse interpretation. Novel about the chapter is its discussion of the distinction between temporal cross-sentential discourse links that are fully determined by the choice of tense forms alone and those which also rely on world knowledge and discourse relations. DRT work on sentence- and word-internal structure is not discussed.

scholarly journals Un modèle d’analyse de structures situationnelles de discours

2015 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Ewa Miczka
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Comprehension ◽  
Proposed Model

A model for the analysis of situational discourse structuresIn this paper the author presents a model for the analysis of situational discourse structures applied to fait divers. Situational structures of discourse are defined as a sequence of experiential frames. Each frame permits to conceptualize one event forming a part of information introduced in discourse. The proposed model permits to analyze (1) the internal structure of experiencial frames activated in discours and (2) possible relations between frames identified in discourse. The author aims to present the role of situational structures in discourse comprehension – the process which implicates creation of discourse representation.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

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