scholarly journals Between Time and Discourse A Syntactic Analysis of Italian poi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Cognola ◽  
Silvio Cruschina
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Logical Connective ◽  
Discourse Marker

In this article the different functions of Italian poi are described and analysed from a cartographic perspective. We show that in addition to its use as a temporal adverb (after, then), poi can be used as a temporal or logical connective adverb, as a discourse marker and as a modal particle. These functions can be correlated with different positions in the clause and with differences in the internal structure of the element itself. Finally, we identify the syntactic environments and sentence types in which poi occurs in its function as a modal particle, as well as the special interpretations that are associated with its presence.

scholarly journals A SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH DISCOURSE MARKER ONLY AND ITS VIETNAMESE TRANSLATIONAL EQUIVALENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tran Quoc Thao ◽  
Nguyen Van Muoi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Syntactic Features

This descriptive and qualitative study, part of a big project, endeavored to explore the syntactic features of the English discourse marker only and its Vietnamese translational equivalents. It involved the development of a bilingual corpus, which consisted of 168 English and 168 Vietnamese instances of sentences containing only. The interpretive contrastive analysis was employed. The findings reveal that only in English often comes in three positions, namely, initial, medial, final, whereas their Vietnamese equivalent usually appears in initial and medial positions. Additionally, there are more similarities than differences in terms of syntactic functions of only used in English and Vietnamese.

scholarly journals Information Packaging: From Cards To Boxes

2015 ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Herman Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Information Packaging

In his work on information packaging-i.e., the structuring of propositional content in function of the speaker's assumptions about the hearer's information state­ Vallduví (1992, 1993, 1994) identifies the informational primitives <it>focus</it>, <it>link</it> and <it>tail</it>, which are adapted from the traditional focus/ground and topic/comment ap­proaches, and argues that the exploitation of information states of hearers by the information-packaging strategies of speakers reveals that these states have at least the internal structure of a system of Heimian file cards: links, which correspond to what are traditionally known as topics, say <it>where</it>-on what file card-the focal information goes, and tails indicate <it>how</it> it fits there. Since there are various reasons for not believing this, the present paper proposes to model information states as Kampian discourse representation structures, without locations. This requires and leads to a different perspective on the function of links. They signal non-monotone anaphora: their discourse referent Y is anaphoric to an antecedent discourse marker X such that X ? Y. This idea will be shown to subsume 'non-identity' anaphora, contrastive stress, pronoun referent resolution, and restrictiveness of relatives and adjectives.

The semantic-syntactical structure of the apposition phrase

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
Iryna Aribzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Syntactical Structure ◽  
Grammatical Analysis ◽  
Compound Nouns ◽  
Simple Part ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Sentence Subject

The article is devoted to the semantic-syntactical structure of the appositive phrase in the Ukrainian language. The term “double name”is used for the demonstration of semantical parameteres of the apposition phrase. Two levels of syntactic analysis are considered: abstract-grammatical level (internal structure of the appositive word-combinations) and concrete-grammatical level (the function in sentence structure). The concrete-grammatical analysis indicates that appositional phrases in the sentence are: syntactically indivisible components that serve as a simple part of the sentence (subject, object). The conflict arises between formal analyticity and functional syntheticity. This conflict is caused by nominative features of double name (compound nouns indicates the same subject of objective reality). Therefore they can be referred to as the type of lexical (stable) word-combinations. Abstract-grammatical analysis leads to the conclusion that internal structure of the appositional phrase can express different semantic-syntactical relations between nouns: appositional relations or mutual appositional relations. The mutual appositional relations are peculiar to the majority of stylistically neutral double names. O. Peshkovskiy wrote about mutual relations between nouns. The differentiation of two relation types was done with the help of the semantic principle and predicate transformation method.

scholarly journals Towards a model of the syntax–discourse interface: a syntactic analysis of please

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
REBECCA WOODS
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Functional Elements ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Discourse Interface

This article examines the syntax and semantics of please. Using a mainstream generative syntactic framework, I propose that syntactically integrated please is a discourse marker that marks the clause in which it occurs as a request. Please may appear clause-initially or clause-medially as determined by a number of factors, including clause type, modality, negation and the application of ellipsis. There is also a homophonous marker please that occurs in clause-final position; clause-final please does not mark requests per se but ‘bonds’ a speaker and addressee, reinforcing their relationship as requester and requestee. This analysis of please provides support for syntactic approaches to speech act structure, particularly the claim that illocutionary force is part of narrow syntax rather than a solely pragmatic phenomenon. The article provides support for pursuing a model of the syntax–discourse interface in which interactions between discourse markers and clause-internal functional elements, such as mood and modality, form the interface between syntax and discourse.

scholarly journals Information Packaging: From Cards To Boxes

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Discourse Representation ◽  
Discourse Marker ◽  
Discourse Referent ◽  
Information Packaging

In his work on information packaging-i.e., the structuring of propositional content in function of the speaker's assumptions about the hearer's information state­ Vallduví (1992, 1993, 1994) identifies the informational primitives <it>focus</it>, <it>link</it> and <it>tail</it>, which are adapted from the traditional focus/ground and topic/comment ap­proaches, and argues that the exploitation of information states of hearers by the information-packaging strategies of speakers reveals that these states have at least the internal structure of a system of Heimian file cards: links, which correspond to what are traditionally known as topics, say <it>where</it>-on what file card-the focal information goes, and tails indicate <it>how</it> it fits there. Since there are various reasons for not believing this, the present paper proposes to model information states as Kampian discourse representation structures, without locations. This requires and leads to a different perspective on the function of links. They signal non-monotone anaphora: their discourse referent Y is anaphoric to an antecedent discourse marker X such that X ? Y. This idea will be shown to subsume 'non-identity' anaphora, contrastive stress, pronoun referent resolution, and restrictiveness of relatives and adjectives.

scholarly journals On the syntax and semantics of Spanish spatial prepositions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco-Alessio Ursini
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Spatial Prepositions ◽  
Semantic Data ◽  
Semantic Treatment

<p align="JUSTIFY">The goal of this paper is to offer a novel account on the Syntax and Semantics of Spanish Spatial Prepositions. This account is novel in at least three aspects. First, the account offers a unified syntactic analysis that covers understudied types of Spanish Spatial Prepositions (e.g. <em>en el centro de</em>, <em>junto y a la izquierda de</em>). Second, the account shows that such treatment can be extended to morphological phenomena, and can capture both their internal structure (e.g. <em>de-bajo</em>), and licensing patterns pertaining to argument demotion. The account also captures an alternation between "<em>a-</em>" (e.g. <em>alante</em>) and "<em>de-</em>" Prepositions<em> </em>(e.g. <em>debajo</em>), with respect to demotion, and is consistent with standard treatments of <em>where</em>-questions (<em>d&oacute;nde</em>, in Spanish). Third, the account offers a "direct compositionality" semantic treatment, in which the interpretation of Spanish Spatial Prepositions is directly "read off" from their structure. This account is shown to capture all the semantic data discussed in the paper (argument demotion, interaction of Prepositions with Verbs, coordinated Prepositions), and to successfully extend previous accounts of this category.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">&nbsp;</p><br />

At the juncture between evidentiality and argumentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-68
Author(s):  
Johanna Miecznikowski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Evidential Argument ◽  
Reliable Procedure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Special Case

Abstract The contribution discusses the theoretical problem of the relationship between evidentiality and argumentative justification. Within a framework that combines semantic and syntactic analysis with a topics-based approach to argument schemes, it is argued that the functional domains of information source and argumentation overlap in utterances in which the former is linguistically marked, rather than entailed or implicated: explicit linguistic evidential marking is a special case of argumentation. The connection between a proposition and its source gives rise to a class of arguments from a reliable procedure that are similar to arguments from authority. When the indicated source is an inferential procedure (rather than direct experience or hearsay), the evidential argument may be combined with additional arguments that lay out part of that procedure. The particular case of inferential sources is illustrated by means of an analysis of weakly grammaticalized constructions in Italian, based on verbs of thought, communication and perception that relate a propositional complement to a subject NP or to source / place complements of the verb. The analysis shows that such further complements can either refine the categorization of the inferential source signalled by the verb, thereby contributing to the main argument from a reliable procedure, or express a premise that allows the hearer to reconstruct the internal structure of the procedure.

Properties of Romance object clitics

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-34
Author(s):  
Diego Pescarini
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Main Property ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Verbal Form ◽  
The Core ◽  
Object Clitics ◽  
Lexical Rules

The chapter deals with the core properties of clitics and aims to build the case for a syntactic analysis of cliticization. Phonologically, the main property of clitics is that they lack stress. Stress shift and other phonological processes (e.g. apocope, aphaeresis, and elision) confirm that clitics have a deficient prosodic status, which may trigger the extension of cyclic lexical rules to the post-lexical domain formed by the clitic and its prosodic host. The morphology of clitics challenges the customary idea that clitic elements lack a complex internal structure. Syntactically, clitics differ from free pronouns in many respects: they occur in a fixed position (set on a language-specific basis), and in most languages they must be close (or attached) to a verbal form. The displacement of clitics in the clause interacts with the behaviour of other syntactic elements, noticeably the verb, negation, and other clitic material.

X-ray microtomography

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 998-999
Author(s):  
H.W. Deckman ◽  
B.F. Flannery ◽  
J.H. Dunsmuir ◽  
K.D' Amico
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tissue Structure ◽  
Individual Element ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Panoramic Imaging ◽  
Three Dimensional Images

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

The internal structure of medullated wool

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
Leo Barish
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Internal Structure ◽  
Wool Fiber ◽  
Guard Hair ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Thin Skin ◽  
Air Pockets

Although most of the wool used today consists of fine, unmedullated down-type fibers, a great deal of coarse wool is used for carpets, tweeds, industrial fabrics, etc. Besides the obvious diameter difference, coarse wool fibers are often medullated.Medullation may be easily observed using bright field light microscopy. Fig. 1A shows a typical fine diameter nonmedullated wool fiber, Fig. IB illustrates a coarse fiber with a large medulla. The opacity of the medulla is due to the inability of the mounting media to penetrate to the center of the fiber leaving air pockets. Fig. 1C shows an even thicker fiber with a very large medulla and with very thin skin. This type of wool is called “Kemp”, is shed annually or more often, and corresponds to guard hair in fur-bearing animals.

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