Research on the Advantages of Digital Sensor Equipment in Language Audio-Visual and Oral Teaching

Digital sensors use biotechnology and information processing technology to strengthen the processing of relevant visual and auditory information, which is helpful to ensure that the receiver can obtain more accurate information, so as to improve the learning effect and reduce the impact on the environment. This paper designs an experiment to explore the role of digital sensors in language audio-visual teaching, which provides a reference for the application of digital sensors in the future. The impulse response function in sensor technology is introduced. The speech time domain envelope and time-varying mouth area of the sensor device are calculated. The auditory attention transfer detection based on line of sight rotation estimation is carried out through the auditory attention decoding fusion technology and the sensor auditory attention conversion detection method. At the same time, the characteristic of sensor heog signal is analyzed. The results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper has good results.

Tense and aspect in Xhosa

This dissertation investigates the semantics of each tense and aspect in Xhosa. Since tense and aspect perform important pragmatic functions, the analysis takes into account the correlation between the verb and the wider discourse in which it is embedded. Tense reflects the temporal relation between the time of the utterance (speech time) and an interval the speaker makes the assertion about (reference time). The Remote Past and the Remote Future tenses differ from their Recent/Immediate counterparts in that they denote events which occurred in a significantly different situation than the speech time and/or events in the surrounding discourse. Aspect does not only indicate the relation between the time occupied by the real world event and the reference time chosen by the speaker. The Perfective aspect represents an event as a unique change-of-state that pertains to a single point on the timeline which at the same time functions as the reference time. By contrast, for the Imperfective aspect temporally links the event to a contextually provided reference time, e.g. the utterance time, a time adverbial, a period of time previously introduced in the preceding discourse, or the interlocutors’ shared experience. At the pragmatic level, the Perfective aspect tends to introduce an event’s resulting state into the discourse, whereas the Imperfective aspect tends to rule it out. Like the Imperfective aspect, the Anterior and the Prospective aspects assert an event’s occurrence from a contextually defined reference time. They refer to the consequent and the preparatory states of an event, respectively. On the pragmatic level, the Anterior aspect may also indicate that the truth-conditionality of the event’s resulting state is contradicted in the immediate discourse. This study shows that tense and aspect temporally represent different means of temporally assigning an event to a particular portion of the timeline. I further argue that aspect indicates whether the reference time is provided in the context (Imperfective, Anterior, Prospective) or whether it is introduced by the verb itself (Perfective). Furthermore, this study shows that aspect exhibits a pragmatic function by laying focus on different parts of the event that are relevant in the upcoming discourse.

Tempos do passado e tempos do futuro em confronto: diferenças e paralelismos

This paper deals with the main similarities and differences that arise between past and future tenses. In particular, we argue that, while the propositions associated with past tenses are completely settled and their truth-value can be evaluated at the speech time, the propositions described by future tenses cannot be seen as true or false at the utterance time since these linguistic forms are ramifying, in that they typically point to a variety of inertia histories or inertia worlds. Nevertheless, if we consider more closely some particular tenses in European Portuguese – namely the Pretérito Imperfeito (Imperfect) and the Pretérito Perfeito do Indicativo (simple past), as representatives of the past tenses, and the Futuro Simples (simple future) and the structure ir (‘go’) + Infinitive, as representatives of the future ones, we conclude that there are also some important parallels across the two temporal domains. We claim that both the Imperfeito and the Futuro Simples merely locate the situations in a past or future interval, respectively, and that the final interpretation of the sentences in which they occur is the result of the interaction of their temporal characteristics with aspectual and modal features. The Pretérito Perfeito and the structure ir (‘go’) + Infinitive, on the other hand, share the common property of imposing an additional temporal boundary beyond which the eventualities cannot take place; as a result, aspectual effects and modal readings are much more conditioned and pure temporal interpretations – both in the past and in the future – become greatly predominant.

Greece

This chapter examines the politics of legislative debate in Greece. The Greek parliament, a relatively under-researched institution, is an interesting case in this volume’s context for at least two reasons. First, because of how the country’s institutional and party system intricacies do not allow for a straightforward classification along the Proksch and Slapin scheme, placing it somewhere between the two extremes. Second, because of the severe restructuring of the party system during the previous decade as a result of the Eurozone crisis and how it could have potentially strengthened the parliament. We make use of an original dataset on parliamentary speechmaking in the Greek parliament spanning twenty years of plenary debates to try to identify the determinants of floor access. Our analysis shows that women speak less than men. Cabinet members dominate the debate while we find some evidence that party leaders guard floor access and refrain from delegating speech time to backbenchers.

Israel

This chapter investigates the factors affecting floor access in the Israeli national parliament—the Knesset. Although Israel is a parliamentary democracy with a proportional, closed-list electoral system, the Knesset’s rules of procedure give little control to parties over floor access. Analyzing over 46,000 speeches over three terms between 2009 and 2019, even in debates where party leadership does have control over who takes the floor, we find no strong evidence that such control is used to give more speech time to highly ranked representatives. This is at odds with predictions made by others in two ways: First, in that the parliamentary rules do not reflect the electoral incentives of party leadership; Second, in that parties do not appear to utilize whatever ability they possess to control their representatives’ speechmaking.

An oscillating computational model can track pseudo-rhythmic speech by using linguistic predictions

Neuronal oscillations putatively track speech in order to optimize sensory processing. However, it is unclear how isochronous brain oscillations can track pseudo-rhythmic speech input. Here we propose that oscillations can track pseudo-rhythmic speech when considering that speech time is dependent on content-based predictions flowing from internal language models. We show that temporal dynamics of speech are dependent on the predictability of words in a sentence. A computational model including oscillations, feedback, and inhibition is able to track pseudo-rhythmic speech input. As the model processes, it generates temporal phase codes, which are a candidate mechanism for carrying information forward in time. The model is optimally sensitive to the natural temporal speech dynamics and can explain empirical data on temporal speech illusions. Our results suggest that speech tracking does not have to rely only on the acoustics but could also exploit ongoing interactions between oscillations and constraints flowing from internal language models.

Stroke recognition efficiency by emergency medical dispatchers

Background: Delaying treatment for an acute stroke can typically lead to further severity and disastrous consequences. The majority of patients, however, did not arrive at the hospital in time to get thrombolysis. While the accuracy of stroke diagnosis by emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) remains uncertain. The focus of this research was to assess the accuracy of the stroke detection (face-arm-speech-time tool) (FAST) utilized by EMDs for the management of acute stroke was as well as how it affected patients' time from door to CT and door-to-needle time.Methods: From 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020, this research was performed retrospectively. We included all patients over the age of 18 who had an acute stroke identified by incident dispatch code 18. Data was gathered using pre-hospital forms and hospital records. The CT scan findings were used to predict the overall diagnosis.Results: Overall 244 patients, only 143 likely cases (62.4%) were identified by EMDs out of 181 final stroke diagnosis. Conversely, the specificity was 44.4 percent and the sensitivity was 63.5 percent. Only 19 patients (10.5%) obtained a CT scan within 60 minutes, per the data from acute stroke patients, whereas only 40 patients with acute ischemic stroke acquired r-TPA (22.1%).Conclusions: It remains undecided if the failure to use FAST, the inability to recognize positive FAST indicators, or the failure to report FAST findings involves issues with EMDs assessments.

البلاغة العربية : موضوعها وعلاقتها بالأسلوبية

Balaghah pays attention to the meaning contained in the arrangement of the Arabic language, so that the meaning contained in the expression is revealed correctly. This proves that the science of Arabic language learned by a person is not limited to nahwu and sharaf only. But it is necessary to study balaghah at an advanced level in Arabic language. This paper presents the object of study of balaghah, the division of balaghah, and the correlation between balaghah and uslub itself. The Library Research is using references from various sources such as books and scientific articles. The data collection technique is to review the book and Journal. The data obtained were then processed with descriptive analytical techniques. The results show that the object of study of the science of balaghah is related to the choice of good words, easily understood and digested by the speaker (fashahah). The object of the study of the science of balaghah is related to the choice of words in accordance with the place of speech, time, condition of the speaker, and emotions that will affect the speaker (muqtadhal hal wal maqam). While the correlation between balaghah and uslub is that ma’ani speaks of sentences and the relationship between sentences, bayan speaks of figurative language, and badi' ornamentation on lafazh and ornamentation on meaning.

Baseline Stroke Literacy of Young Children Based on “FAST 112 Heroes” Program

Background: Young children are often unaware of emergency health conditions, such as stroke, and could serve as important vehicles to save the lives of their grandparents, who are more likely to suffer a stroke. An important aspect for the evaluation of public awareness on stroke signs and related emergency procedures is to examine the level of baseline stroke knowledge children have and whether they understand when to seek medical care on time.Objective: To examine the level of stroke symptomatology knowledge in children as well as evaluate their preparedness in stroke response before their participation in the educational program “FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) 112 Heroes.”Methods: For the purpose of this work, a questionnaire was developed and adapted to preschoolers' needs. The present study involved 123 children (65 boys, 58 girls, aged 4–6.5 years; mean age: 5.30, S.D.: 0.59) from two cities in Greece. Five multiple-choice animated pictures, that were age-appropriate, were administrated to each child, along with verbal explanations provided by the investigator.Results: More than half of the participants (n = 65, 52.8%) could recognize the symptom of face drooping, 53 children (43.1%) could identify the symptom of arm hemiparesis/hemiplegia and 92 children (74.8%) were able to answer the question regarding speech disturbances. However, the number of correct answers to the question regarding the appropriate course of action in case of a stroke was the lowest among all the questions (10.6% of participants gave a correct answer). Furthermore gender and age did not play a significant role (p = 0.571 and 0.635, respectively).Conclusion: Although more than half of the enrolled preschool children could recognize stroke symptoms before their participation in the educational program, their baseline stroke knowledge, prior to their training, is low. Concurrently, they do not have sufficient knowledge on how to react appropriately in the event of a stroke. Therefore, awareness programs focusing on developing stroke literacy to children are needed, to ensure children will seek urgent medical care in case of a stroke.

Blurring of vision with malaise

We present the case of a 56-year-old female brought to the Emergency Department via routine ambulance transport with complaints of blurred vision and malaise. She was screened by ambulance crew using the facial arm speech time (FAST) tool and a basic top-to-toe assessment as per current routine. The examining practitioner performed a thorough assessment of the patient, revisiting the initial examination findings, and establishing new clinical features of visual field deficit and pan-systolic murmur. The likely diagnosis of septic emboli or stroke with infective endocarditis was identified through the power of rigorous history taking and examination. These were then supported by investigation with blood tests and imaging. This prompted discussion with a tertiary centre and subsequent transfer for further investigation and management. The patient’s journey shows that there may indeed be a role for a more comprehensive (but not exhaustive) initial screening from ambulance services in order to help appropriately stream specific patients to hospital in a timelier manner (to meet the thrombolysis window). This case supports the addition of V (visual fields) to the FAST screening tool.