scholarly journals Counterfactuals and Undefinedness: Homogeneity vs. Supervaluations

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 603
Author(s):  
Paul Marty ◽  
Jacopo Romoli ◽  
Paolo Santorio
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comparative Similarity ◽  
Single World

Theories of counterfactuals agree on appealing to a relation of comparative similarity, but disagree on the quantificational force of counterfactuals. We report on two experiments testing the predictions of three main approaches: universal theories, homogeneity theories, and single-world selection theories (plus supervaluations over selection functions). The critical cases in our experiment were constructed so as to discriminate between the three theories. Our results provide empirical support for the selectional theories, while challenging the other two approaches.

Do Investors' Perceptions Vary with Types of Nonaudit Fees? Evidence from Auditor Ratification Voting

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchismita Mishra ◽  
K. Raghunandan ◽  
Dasaratha V. Rama
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Auditor Independence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Audit Committees ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
Nonaudit Services ◽  
Recent Initiative

In FRR No. 68, the SEC (2003b) updated the rules related to the disclosure of fees paid to the independent auditor by requiring more detailed information about nonaudit fees. The SEC (2002, 2003b) asserted that the partition of nonaudit fees into the categories of audit-related, tax, and other fees would be useful for investors in assessing the auditor's independence and in voting on ratifying the auditor. The SEC suggested that investors would view audit-related and tax services more favorably than “other” nonaudit services. In this paper we test the SEC's assertions by examining shareholder ratification votes, during 2003, at 248 of the S&P 1500 firms. Our results support the SEC's assertion that investors would view audit-related fees differently than the other two types of nonaudit fees. However, contrary to the SEC's assertion, both the tax fee ratio and the other fee ratio have a positive association with the proportion of votes against auditor ratification. The results related to tax fees provide empirical support to the PCAOB's recent initiative to examine the association between tax services and auditor independence. Our results can be useful for client managements and audit committees considering purchases of nonaudit services from auditors. Our findings also suggest that it may be useful to replicate some prior studies (that use a single measure of nonaudit fees) using the newer, more finely partitioned, fee data.

When Two Groups Hurt Each Other

2020 ◽  
pp. 399-418
Author(s):  
Nurit Shnabel ◽  
Rotem Kahalon ◽  
Johannes Ullrich ◽  
Anna Lisa Aydin
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Power

This chapter builds on the needs-based model of reconciliation, which posits victim groups’ primary need for agency and perpetrator groups’ primary need for morality, and examines dual conflicts in which groups are both victims and perpetrators. The authors posit that in such cases, the experience of victimization is more psychologically impactful than the experience of perpetration. They review empirical support for this “primacy of agency” effect, as well as evidence of the effects of interventions that affirm the group’s agency in such contexts. The findings show that agency affirmations increase conciliatory responses toward the other conflict party as well as the willingness to relinquish power and violence for the sake of morality. These effects were found across both higher and lower power groups in the conflicts that were examined.

Network Effects and the Evolution of Internet Auctions

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-87
Author(s):  
S. Park
Keyword(s):  
Web Site ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Network Effect ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Internet Auctions ◽  
Auction Mechanisms ◽  
Entry Behavior

Based on the weekly data of listings and Web site usage of eBay and Yahoo!Auctions, as well as fee schedules and available auction mechanisms, this chapter provides empirical support of the network effect in Internet auctions: A seller’s expected auction revenue increases with page views per listing on one hand and increased listings raise page views per listing on the other hand. The existence of the network effect between Web site usage and listings explains the first mover’s advantage and the dominance of eBay even with higher fees in the Internet auctions market. Our empirical findings also highlight unique features of Internet auctions, especially in the entry behavior of potential bidders into specific auctions, inviting more theoretical studies of the market microstructure of Internet auctions.

Perspectives on Research-related Anxiety among BSW Students: An Exploratory Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora S. Gustavsson ◽  
Ann E. MacEachron
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Math Anxiety ◽  
Computer Anxiety ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Methods Course ◽  
Strengths Perspective ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Library Anxiety

Using a convenience sample of BSW students enrolled in a required research methods course, we explore two alternative perspectives on research-related anxiety. One perspective emphasizes the fear dimension of anxiety (math anxiety, library anxiety, and computer anxiety), and the other perspective emphasizes a dimension reflecting “eagerness to do well.” Our exploration of these alternative dimensions finds that both have empirical support. By looking at student anxieties about research from a strengths perspective, however, we may find additional innovative ways to engage students in learning and using research.

Defending the Stockholder Model: A Comment on Hasnas, and on Dunfee’s Mom

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Business Ethics ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic View ◽  
The Social

Abstract:Here I synthesize certain ideas presented in two different articles that appeared in the same issue of Business Ethics Quarterly. One article (Hasnas) invokes the stockholder model as a valid normative theory of business ethics, the other article (Dunfee) invokes a marketplace of morality. Both articles imply that the accepted financial-economic view of the firm is a view that can accommodate ethics. I offer empirical support for this view. I also identify the ethic of the stockholder model as a variant on might-makes-right and consider the social acceptance of this ethic as a postmodern phenomenon.

scholarly journals Boring Thoughts and Bored Minds: The MAC Model of Boredom and Cognitive Engagement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Corwin Westgate
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
New Model ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Mental Resources

What is boredom? We review environmental, attentional, and functional theories and present a new model that describes boredom as an affective indicator of unsuccessful attentional engagement in valued goal-congruent activity. According to the Meaning and Attentional Components (MAC) model, boredom is the result of (a) an attentional component, namely mismatches between cognitive demands and available mental resources, and (b) a meaning component, namely mismatches between activities and valued goals (or the absence of valued goals altogether). We present empirical support for four novel predictions made by the model: (1) Deficits in attention and meaning each produce boredom independently of the other; (2) there are different profiles of boredom that result from specific deficits in attention and meaning; (3) boredom results from two types of attentional deficits, understimulation and overstimulation; and (4) the model explains not only when and why people become bored with external activities, but also when and why people become bored with their own thoughts. We discuss further implications of the model, such as when boredom motivates people to seek interesting versus enjoyable activities.

scholarly journals The origin of money from the money-debt approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Eduardo Garzón Espinosa
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Made In

There are two fundamental approaches to the nature and origin of money that are incompatible with each other: money-commodity and money-debt. The first one has occupied a hegemonic position in the academy —and so outside it— throughout history. On the other hand, the money-debt approach was developed in response to the conventional view, although it currently occupies a marginal place in the academic sphere and is barely known beyond it. Despite its low popularity, the unorthodox outlook of money-debt is much more useful in order to understand the origin and nature of money; and represents a much more accurate analytical framework to monetary phenomena. In this paper a detailed review of the origin of money from this less-known approach is made in order to demonstrate its analytical superiority against the hegemonic approach that suffers from significant theoretical inconsistencies and a lack of empirical support.

The Disease and Adaptive Models of Addiction: A Framework Evaluation

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Adaptive Model ◽  
Adaptive Models ◽  
Effective Policy

Underlying a vast proliferation of theory, there are two fundamentally different views of addiction. The first conceptualizes addiction as an illness (disease model) and the second as a way of coping (adaptive model). From the vantage point of the modern history and philosophy of science, both models are better evaluated as “frameworks” than as empirically testable hypotheses. A “framework evaluation” reveals that both models provide a comprehensive, coherent analysis of addiction and both can claim some empirical support, but that they differ sharply in their utility for formulating promising and humane policy. The disease model provides a major part of the justification for excessive, ineffective drug control policies and supports values that are repellent outside the drug field. The adaptive model, on the other hand, implies more humane and potentially more effective policy. This article argues the necessity of a framework evaluation and the superiority of the adaptive model over the disease model and over combinations of the two models.

scholarly journals Boring Thoughts and Bored Minds: The MAC Model of Boredom and Cognitive Engagement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Corwin Westgate
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
New Model ◽  
Attentional Deficits ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Mental Resources

What is boredom? We review environmental, attentional, and functional theories and present a new model that describes boredom as an affective indicator of unsuccessful attentional engagement in valued goal-congruent activity. According to the Meaning and Attentional Components (MAC) model, boredom is the result of (a) an attentional component, namely mismatches between cognitive demands and available mental resources, and (b) a meaning component, namely mismatches between activities and valued goals (or the absence of valued goals altogether). We present empirical support for four novel predictions made by the model: (1) Deficits in attention and meaning each produce boredom independently of the other; (2) there are different profiles of boredom that result from specific deficits in attention and meaning; (3) boredom results from two types of attentional deficits, understimulation and overstimulation; and (4) the model explains not only when and why people become bored with external activities, but also when and why people become bored with their own thoughts. We discuss further implications of the model, such as when boredom motivates people to seek interesting versus enjoyable activities.

scholarly journals Scalar implicatures in non-monotonic environments

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Takashi Morita
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
Negative Component ◽  
Grammatical Analysis ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Semantic Computation ◽  
Semantic Operators

Scalar implicatures (SIs) have been traditionally analyzed as pragmatic inferences that arise after semantic computation. Recent studies, however, have presented various challenges to this classic analysis; for instance, it has been claimed that SIs can be interpreted within the scope of various semantic operators. These observations motivate a grammatical analysis of SIs: SIs are derived during or before semantic computation. Among various kinds of evidence for the grammati- cal approach to SIs, especially convincing one is SIs embedded in non-monotonic (NM) environments, which post-semantic analyses have difficulty deriving. This paper introduces a new example of NM operators that allow the SI-embedding in their scope, and I thereby provide further empirical support for the grammatical analysis. On the other hand, I will also show that not all NM operators behave in the same way with respect to SI-embedding. It will turn out that Strawson non- monotonicity is required to embed SIs in the negative component of NM envi- ronments; i.e. SI-embedding is unavailable if the NMity can be decomposed into monotonic assertion and monotonic presupposition.

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