scholarly journals The 1920 Ukrainian-Polish Alliance and Its Implications

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Matviienko Matviienko ◽  
Mykola Doroshko
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
External Factors ◽  
World War ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Interstate Cooperation ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Military

The article describes the internal political situation in the UPR and Poland before the conclusion of the Treaty of Warsaw in 1920. The authors argue that in the context of the end of World War I and the rebuilding of the world geopolitical order the UPR and the Republic of Poland were destined to establish allied relations with a view to strengthening their restored statehood and ensuring security in the Baltic-Black Sea region. However, the signature of the Treaty of Warsaw failed to preserve stable interstate cooperation between Ukraine and Poland due to a range of internal political and external factors. This situation cast a shadow over the preservation of the independence of the UPR and Ukrainian-Polish partnership. The military and political alliance of Ukraine and Poland broke apart due to inextricable external and internal aspects. It was a rearguard action and could not struggle against the strengthened Bolshevist Russia without the support of the Entente states. In the meantime, the 1920 Treaty of Warsaw was significant not only for Ukrainians who continued to fight for the independence of the UPR with the assistance of Poland until the end of 1921. The authors assume that the joint opposition of Ukraine and Poland in the summer of 1920 dashed the Kremlin’s marches on Poland, Romania, and Germany that could turn into a tragedy for those states and Europe as a whole. The authors stress that the Baltic states such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania gained their independence because of the military and political alliance of Ukraine and Poland and its struggle against the Bolshevist Russia. Poland got a chance to strengthen its statehood, as Moscow was significantly weakened by the war with the UPR and peasants’ insurrections in Ukraine. Keywords: UPR, Republic of Poland, Entente, Treaty of Warsaw, allied relations.

scholarly journals PLATONO POLITINIŲ IDĖJŲ RECEPCIJA XX A. PIRMOSIOS PUSĖS LENKIJOS FILOSOFIJOJE

Problemos ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Tomasz Mroz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Polish Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

Straipsniu siekiama parodyti, kad Lenkijos mokslininkų požiūris į Platono politines idėjas priklausė nuo politinės situacijos Lenkijoje ir Europoje. Apžvelgiami trijų laikotarpių tekstai. Prieš Pirmąjį pasaulinį karą vyravo entuziazmas Platono politinių idėjų atžvilgiu. Tarpukariu entuziazmas išblėso ir utopinis Valstybės projektas buvo laikomas neįgyvendinamu. Po Antrojo pasaulinio karo Platono projektą neigiamai vertino tiek totalitarizmo ir komunizmo kritikai, tiek marksistai. Pirmieji komunizmą manė esant Platono idėjų realizaciją, o antrieji Platoną laikė demokratinės sitemos priešu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: Platonas, Valstybė, Platono recepcija, Lenkijos filosofija.On the Reception of Plato’s Political Ideas in Polish Philosophy of the First Half of the Twentieth CenturyTomasz Mroz SummaryThe main purpose of this paper is to prove that the attitude towards Plato’s political ideas among Polish scholars depended on political situation of Poland and Europe. Selected works of three periods are under examination. Before the World War I the enthusiasm towards Plato’s political ideas prevailed. In the interwar period the enthusiasm waned and the utopian project of the Republic was considered as impossible to be carried out. After the World War II Plato’s project was negatively evaluated by the opponents of the totalitarianism and communism as well as by the Marxist philosophers. The former considered communism to be a fulfillment of Plato’s ideas, the latter thought of Plato as an enemy of the democratic system.Key words: Plato, Politeia, Plato reception, Polish philosophy.

he designs of the Russian war memorials from the World War I in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia: Ideas, symbols, realization

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-227
Author(s):  
Milana Živanović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
War Memorials ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
The Military

The paper deals with the actions undertaken by the Russian emigration aimed to commemorate the Russian soldiers who have been killed or died during the World War I in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The focus is on the erection of the memorials dedicated to the Russian soldiers. During the World War I the Russian soldiers and war prisoners were buried on the military plots in the local cemeteries or on the locations of their death. However, over the years the conditions of their graves have declined. That fact along with the will to honorably mark the locations of their burial places have become a catalyst for the actions undertaken by the Russian émigré, which have begun to arrive in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of SCS) starting from the 1919. Almost at once after their arrival to the Kingdom of SCS, the Russian refugees conducted the actions aimed at improving the conditions of the graves were in and at erecting memorials. Russian architects designed the monuments. As a result, several monuments were erected in the country, including one in the capital.

Project Context Rediscovery and Exploration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Yale University ◽  
World War ◽  
French Academy ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Scholarship ◽  
The Military ◽  
Small Team

The ruined city known locally as Salhiyeh was virtually unknown to western scholarship until the twentieth century (Sarre and Herzfeld 1920, 386–95; Kaizer 2017, 64), but its ancient identity remained unknown until the aftermath of the World War I when collapse of the Ottoman empire saw Britain and France divide up much of the Middle East between them (Velud 1988; Barr 2011). As we saw, during operations against Arabs resisting the new western occupation, British-commanded Indian troops bivouacking at the site dug defensive positions and accidentally revealed wall paintings. These were seen and published by visiting American archaeologist James Henry Breasted (Breasted 1922; 1924), who first identified the ruins as those of the historically attested but unlocated ‘Dura . . . called Europos by the Greeks’ (Isidore of Charax, Parthian Stations, 1). The site thereafter fell inside the newly imposed borders of French-controlled Syria (Velud 1988). More substantial excavations were conducted and published with exemplary speed by Franz Cumont in 1922–3 (Cumont 1926), paving the way for the great Yale University/French Academy expedition overseen by Mikhail Rostovtzeff. This ran over ten seasons: (Dates from the Preliminary Reports, and Hopkins 1979, xxii–xxiv, except ninth and tenth seasons from information in Yale archives provided by Megan Doyon and Richard A. Grossmann.) With a Roman military presence attested from the outset, further traces were encountered throughout the city’s exploration, with the heart of the military base area being identified and excavated in the fifth season, and the great ‘Palace of the dux ripae’ in the ninth. While masterminded by Rostovtzeff, and more nominally Cumont, these giants actually only briefly visited the excavations on a couple of occasions. The dig was conducted under a series of field directors: Maurice Pillet, Clark Hopkins, and finally Frank Brown. These led a small team of American and European architects, artists, and archaeologists, mostly male (although women occupied prominent places on the team, including Yale graduate student Margaret Crosby and most notably Hopkins’s wife Susan); they were mostly young and inexperienced (including Hopkins and Brown).

scholarly journals "Dušni blagor" soške armade: oris duhovne oskrbe na soškem bojišču 1915–1917

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2018) (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miha Šimac
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Pastoral Care ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
English Summary ◽  
World War ◽  
Structural Arrangement ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military

Category: 1.01 Original scientific paper Language: Original in Slovenian (Abstract in Slovenian and English, Summary in English) Key words: military clergy, 5th Army, World War I, Italian front, pastoral care, War Archives Vienna Abstract: The article tries to outline the structural arrangement of the military clergy at the Isonzo Army, as well as the operation of the military clergy during the World War I. It is primarily based on the archival records of the War Archives in Vienna and the reports compiled by military curates of all religions during the maelstrom of war. The paper also presents some documents that have never been published

The 1914 Generation Artists

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Shaw
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
World War I ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
French Language ◽  
World War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military ◽  
Republic Of Turkey ◽  
Late Ottoman

The artists historiographically grouped as the 1914 Generation transformed the Westernizing artistic impulse of the late Ottoman era into the modernizing impulse of the Republic of Turkey, founded in 1923. Stylistically, the 1914 Generation distinguishes itself from earlier generations through its interest in naturalism, and from later generations through its disinterest in aesthetic modernism. More than functioning as a cohesive movement, the 1914 Generation came to prominence as a result of the onset of World War I. The artists most often included within this categorization include: Nazmi Ziya Güran (1881–1937), Mehmet Ruhi Arel (1880–1931), İbrahim Çallı (1882–1960), Hikmet Onat (1882–1977), Feyhaman Duran (1886–1970), Hüseyin Avni Lifij (1886–1927), and Namık İsmail (1890–1935). Although often excluded because of their lack of affiliation with the Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts, artists who may be considered in conjunction with this category by virtue of their participation in the pivotal transition from Ottoman to Turkish national identity also include Şevket (Dağ; 1876–1948), a teacher at the French-language Galatasaray Lycée, the military-trained artists Mehmet Sami Yetik (1878–1935), Mehmet Ali Laga (1878–1947) and Ali Sami Boyar (1880–1967), as well as the female artist Mihri Rasim/Müşfik (1886–1954).

scholarly journals On the Pathway to Independence: The Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front (1917)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-90
Author(s):  
Silviu-Marian Miloiu
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Military Officers ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

When the World War I began Lithuania was on the vanguards of the military operations. Around 60,000 Lithuanians were recruited in the Russian Army and employed on the operational fronts of the war. However, they were not blind performers of Tsarist ambitions, but, as The Amber Declaration showed, nurtured political ambitions of their own. The document issued on 4/17 August 1914 was signed, inter alia, by the patriarch of national credo, Jonas Basanavičius , and clearly affirmed the Lithuanian ideals, i.e. the aim of unifying Lithuania with Lithuania Minor then in German hands and the awarding of an autonomous status to a united Lithuania within the Russian Empire. This article tackles an enticing moment in the process of national rebirth, the Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front held in Bender (Tighina), in southern Bessarabia, on 1-3 November 1917, calling for the creation of a Lithuanian national state. How this congress and the proclamation it issued fitted into the general frame of self-determination movements and Lithuanian national revival of 1917-1918, which led to the rebirth of the Lithuanian state? Who were the conveners and the participants to this congress? What arguments did they put forward in their national-building claims? What role did it play on the pathway to Lithuanian independence? Overlooked in most of the Lithuanian historical treatises, the Congress of the Representatives of the Lithuanian Military Officers of the Romanian Front in Bender City had in fact of greater significance than it allows to be understood when counting solely the relatively lower visibility of its leaders or the direct institutional lineage to the proclamation of independence.

scholarly journals THE PHENOMENON OF WAR IN THE AESTHETICS AND ARTISTIC CREATIVITY OF N. S. GUMILYOV

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Natalja Ju. Bukareva ◽  
◽  
Olga E. Malaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Phenomenological Reduction ◽  
World War ◽  
Artistic Creativity ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Military ◽  
Artistic Image

This article shows the genesis of N. S. Gumilyov's worldview through the analysis of his works, in which the poet comprehends the theme of war. The initial enthusiastic perception of war is explained by the poet's adherence to the adamistic concept of peace. The article reveals the main ideas of this concept. The authors assume that it essentially resembles the phenomenological reduction of E. Husserl, since the «new Adams» advocated the cleansing of man from the alluvial crust of «reflections and doubts». The change in the attitude of N. Gumilyov's approach to World War I and, as a result, the transformation of its artistic image in his poems and prose, is motivated by the poet's collision with reality and the realization that war, regardless of its nature and the reasons that caused it, is terrible in principle, since it takes human lives. As a result of changes in the perception of war in general and the transformation of Christian symbols in military lyrics: if in verses the military «cycle» it shows the faith of the author in a war in God's path, the path of transformation of man, and hence the world, then later heard the idea that instead of God in the soul of man there is godlessness, the war made a violent man, deprived of faith. Consequently, in the later poems of the military «cycle», N. S. Gumilyov's rejection of the adamistic concept of war is obvious.

scholarly journals Mission of the military chaplain on the battlefield and the Orthodox ethics during the World War I (on the example of Orenburg and Siberian Cossack troops

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-148
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Mikhailovich Latyshev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Chaplains ◽  
Military Chaplain ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Church

Military clergy was one of the core translators of military norms and regulations in the Russian army during the early XX century. The goal of this article is to examine the concepts of Orthodox culture within the ethics of war of the military chaplains. Leaning on the memoirs of A. Turundaevsky and archival documents of the Orenburg and Siberian Cossack troops, the article reconstructs the mission of the military chaplain on the battlefield, analyzes the structure of concepts of Orthodox ethics therein. The study of the structure of the elements of Orthodox ethics in the mission of the military chaplain reveals the key ethical principles that are fundamental to military conflicts, when one of the parties grounds its military regulations on the Orthodox culture. It is determined that in the conditions of new requirements established for military clergy during the World War I (1914–1918), there were instances that the norms of the Orthodox ethics contradicted the mission of the chaplain on the battlefield. The acquired results reveal that the underlying principle of the mission of military chaplain, as the representative of the “militant church”, on the battlefield was “love for one's neighbor”. The understanding of Russia as the center of Orthodox culture and the perception of soldiers as “warriors of the church” prompted the clergy to implement the concept of “meekness” in their actions, as well as the concepts of “recumbence”, “Divine Providence”, etc. for comprehension of their actions.

scholarly journals The Reopening of Universities in Vilnius and Warsaw after World War I in Contemporary Press

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-276
Author(s):  
Grzegorz P. Bąbiak
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time

The article presents the circumstances of the resumption of activities of Polish universities in Warsaw and Vilnius in 1915 and 1919. It describes the political situation that accompanied both events. In the case of the University of Warsaw, it was the realities of World War I and the desire of the emperors of Germany and Austria-Hungary to win over Poles against the Russians. In the case of Vilnius University, it was the renewal of Polish scientific and cultural life and confirmation of the annexation of the Vilnius Region to the Republic of Poland, which was at the time still at war with Soviet Russia.The author presents the first structures of the revived universities and the profiles of their rectors: prof. Józef Brudziński in Warsaw and prof. Michał Siedlecki in Vilnius. The focus is also placed on recreating the celebrations themselves, which have already been described by contemporaries as historical. The course of these events and their artistic setting have been reconstructed on the basis of historical accounts (newspapers, photographs). Much of the discussed material has been included as illustrations and recalled for the first time in one hundred years.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document