Understanding Farmer and Government Measure in Rat Pests Control in Rice Fields

This paper discusses the control of rat pets through highlighting its population growth, ecosystem, types and possible mechanism to use. During extended periods of fallow, rice field rats tend to congregate in escape places (refuge regions) such as bushes, yards, or rice warehouses. Rice plants suffered damage equivalent to five times their feeding requirements when rats were present. Rats damage plants from the tiller stage to the maximal tiller stages by devouring the growth point and the soft base of the stem while leaving the other portions of the plant unharmed. Without intensive control efforts (since the start of MT1), the rat population density on MT2 is confirmed to be higher and poses a serious threat to the success of MT2 harvesting. In one rice growing season, there is one population peak so in the rice-paddy-fallow cropping pattern there are two (2) population peaks.

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Bio-intensive integrated control of tungro disease in the rice field

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202130601050 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 306 ◽

pp. 01050

Author(s):

Nur Rosida ◽

Ani Mugiasih ◽

Ahmad Muliadi

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Rice Field ◽

Integrated Control ◽

The Other ◽

Green Leafhopper ◽

Resistant Varieties ◽

Main Plot ◽

Intensive Control ◽

Plot Design

This research aims to gain the technology of bio-intensive integrated control of tungro. The experiments were done in a split-plot design with three replications. The main plot consisted of Bio-intensive integrated control, compared to Conventional control. The subplots are: 1) the susceptible varieties (TN1), 2) green leafhopper–resistant varieties (IR64), and 3) tungro resistant varieties (Inpari 9 Elo). The subplots are 10 m x 10 m, and every subplot is replicated three times. Variables observed were the population density of green leafhopper (GLH) and the predators, the percentage of tungro incidence, and the grain yield. The results showed that the population of GLH in the plots of bio-intensive integrated control (27.32, 2.34, 4.83, and 5.16) was lower than the population of GLH in conventional control (34.00, 21.17, 7.84, and 6.50). The GLH population density tends to be higher in varieties TN1 than the other varieties both in bio-intensive and conventional control. It is found that 12 species of predator exist in all varieties of bio-intensive control and conventional plots. At 8 WAT the infection of RTV on all varieties in bio-intensive plot control is lower (0.67 - 2.67%) than the incidence of tungro in conventional plot control (3.00 - 8.67%).

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The Fallow Period Plays an Important Role in Annual CH4 Emission in a Rice Paddy in Southern Brazil

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132011336 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 11336

Author(s):

Cristiano Maboni ◽

Tiago Bremm ◽

Leonardo José Gonçalves Aguiar ◽

Walkyria Bueno Scivittaro ◽

Vanessa de Arruda de Arruda Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growing Season ◽

Rice Paddy ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Anthropogenic Sources ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Fallow Period ◽

Land Preparation ◽

Flooded Areas ◽

Rice Growing Season

Paddy fields are significant anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4) emissions. In southern Brazil, rice is grown in lowland flooded areas once a year, followed by a long fallow period. This study aimed to measure CH4 fluxes in a rice paddy field in southern Brazil during the rice-growing season of 2015/2016 and the following fallow period. The fluxes were estimated using the eddy covariance (EC) technique and soil chamber (SC). Diurnal and seasonal variations of CH4 fluxes and potential meteorological drivers were analyzed. The CH4 fluxes showed distinct diurnal variations in each analyzed subperiod (vegetative, reproductive, pre-harvest, no rice, and land preparation), characterized by a single-peak diurnal pattern. The variables that most influenced methane emissions were air and surface temperatures. In the growing season, the rice vegetative stage was responsible for most of the measured emissions. The accumulated annual emission estimated was 44.88 g CH4 m−2 y−1, being 64% (28.50 g CH4 m−2) due to the rice-growing season and 36% (16.38 g CH4 m−2) due to the fallow period. These results show the importance of including fallow periods in strategies to mitigate methane emissions in flood irrigated rice-growing areas.

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Population dynamics of Meloidogyne graminicola and Hirschmanniella oryzae in a double rice-cropping sequence in the lowlands of Myanmar

Nematology ◽

10.1163/15685411-00002719 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 15 (7) ◽

pp. 795-807 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Pa Pa Win ◽

Pyone Pyone Kyi ◽

Zin Thu Zar Maung ◽

Dirk De Waele

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Growing Season ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Population Densities ◽

Rice Varieties ◽

Meloidogyne Graminicola ◽

Rice Plants ◽

Double Rice ◽

Heading Stage ◽

Rice Growing Season

The rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, and the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae, are considered potentially important nematode pathogens in lowland rice. A study was undertaken from December 2009 until December 2010 in the Ayeyarwady River Delta, the major lowland rice-producing area of Myanmar, to monitor the population dynamics of M. graminicola and H. oryzae in a naturally infested field. Root samples of the two rice varieties Yatanartoe and Taungpyan that are commonly cultivated in double rice-cropping sequences in Myanmar and represent irrigated and rainfed lowland rice varieties, respectively, were obtained for nematode analysis. During the summer-irrigated rice-growing season the root population density of second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. graminicola showed two distinct peaks – at the maximum tillering stage of the rice plants in January and at the heading stage of the rice plants in March 2010. With the onset of the monsoon rains, the J2 population densities in the roots of ratoon rice plants gradually decreased in May. During the rainfed monsoon rice-growing season, very low population densities of M. graminicola J2 were detected in the roots of rice plants, while the root population density of H. oryzae juveniles and adults showed two distinct peaks – at the maximum tillering stage of the rice plants in August and at the heading stage of the rice plants in October 2010. With the onset of the dry season, population density of H. oryzae in the roots reached the lowest density at harvest in November. Root galling caused by M. graminicola followed the same trend as the J2 population densities throughout the irrigated season. No root galls were observed during the monsoon season. Our results can be used for practical purposes aimed at a better management of both M. graminicola and H. oryzae.

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Effects of Different Stocking Densities on Growth, Serum Steroid Hormone Concentrations, Gonadosomatic Index and Sex Reversal in the Rice Field Eel, Monopterus albus (Zuiew)

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.142.233 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 142 ◽

pp. 233-237

Author(s):

Han Wen Yuan ◽

Fang Chen ◽

Qiao Qing Xu ◽

Shi Yuan Gong ◽

Zhang Jie Chu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Field ◽

Steroid Hormone ◽

Gonadosomatic Index ◽

Stocking Density ◽

Sex Reversal ◽

The Other ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Monopterus Albus ◽

Rice Field Eel ◽

Significant Difference

The effects of stocking density on various growth parameters and sex reversal in the rice field eel (Monopterus albus) were investigated by evaluating steroid hormone, the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and sex ratio. Fish (mean initial weight of 9.88 ± 0.70 g) were stocked to densities of 4, 20, 36, 52, 68, 84 or 100 fish/m2 in cages (2 m × 1 m × 1.5 m) in a pond, with five replicate cages for each density. Fish were fed for 420 days on a formulated isocaloric diet containing 40.22% crude protein and 12.86 MJ/kg. Serum E2 and T concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassays. There were no significant differences in final bodyweight (FBW) and daily weight gain (DWG) for fish in the groups containing less than 52 fish/m2, while FBW and DWG were significant lower in groups at 68 fish/m2 or more. Specific growth rate (SGR) differed significantly between the 84 and 100 fish/m2 groups compared with the 4, 20 and 36 fish/m2 groups. There was no significant difference in SGR in groups containing less than 84 fish/m2. There were no significant difference between the 4 and 20 fish/m2 groups in net yield (NY), but these groups did differ significantly from the other groups. The final condition factors of fish stocked at 84 or 100 fish/m2 were significantly lower than fish stocked at the other densities. E2 and T hormone concentrations declined as stocking density increased, while GSI values increased initially but then reduced with increasing stocking density. Female ratio and survival decreased with increasing stocking density. The proportion of male fish was significantly greater in the three highest stocking density groups. Therefore, high stocking density may promote sex change from female to male in M. albus.

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Effect of Heat Resource Effectiveness Change on Rice Potential Yield in Southern China

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9050896 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 896

Author(s):

Qing Ye ◽

Xiaoguang Yang ◽

Wenjuan Xie ◽

Junmeng Yao ◽

Zhe Cai

Keyword(s):

Southern China ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Reduction Rate ◽

Growing Season ◽

Scientific Basis ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Percentage Increase ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Effective Heat ◽

Rice Growing Season

During the rice growing season, farmers’ decisions about cropping systems and seed varieties directly affect the utilization of heat resource, and eventually affect the potential yield. In this study, we used the hourly accumulated temperature model to calculate the available heat resource as well as the effective heat resource in southern China. We conducted a spatiotemporal analysis of the heat resource effectiveness during rice growing season and an impact assessment of heat resource effectiveness on rice potential yield and cereal yield reduction. The results showed that, during the period of 1951–2015, heat resource effectiveness generally declined in the rice cropping area of southern China. And this decrease worsened during the most recent three decades compared with the period of 1951–1980. A strong correlation was detected between heat resource effectiveness and rice potential yield in the study area. When the effective heat resource during the growing season increased by 1 °C·d, rice potential yield would increase by 14 kg ha−1. For each percentage increase in heat resource effectiveness, the rice potential yield reduction rate would go down by 0.65%. This agro-climatological study aims to offer a scientific basis for rice production decisions in southern China, such as when to plant, which varieties to choose and so on.

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Study on model of greenhouse gas N2O emission flux of rice field in cold region in growing season in water-saving irrigation mode

International Journal of Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation ◽

10.1504/ijesms.2018.091926 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 87

Author(s):

Yu Lihong ◽

Wang Mengxue

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Rice Field ◽

Growing Season ◽

Water Saving ◽

Emission Flux ◽

Cold Region

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Assessment of Ammonia Volatilization Losses and Nitrogen Utilization during the Rice Growing Season in Alkaline Salt-Affected Soils

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su9010132 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 132 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yangyang Li ◽

Lihua Huang ◽

Huan Zhang ◽

Mingming Wang ◽

Zhengwei Liang

Keyword(s):

Ammonia Volatilization ◽

Growing Season ◽

Nitrogen Utilization ◽

Alkaline Salt ◽

Salt Affected Soils ◽

Rice Growing Season

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Optimalisasi Alokasi Sumberdaya Rumahtangga Petani Di Ekosistem Lahan Pasang Surut di Kalimantan Selatan = Optimizing The Allocation Of Farm-household Resources In Tidal Swamp Area In South Kalimantan

Agro Ekonomi ◽

10.22146/agroekonomi.16779 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Emy Rahmawaty ◽

Dibyo Prabowo ◽

Slamet Hartono ◽

Ismet Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Programming Model ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

The Other ◽

Survey Method ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Acid Sulphate ◽

Household Resources ◽

Tidal Swamp ◽

Drastic Increase ◽

Potential Land

The objective of this research is to analyses the allocation of farmer household resources in tidal swamp area. The survey method was used to collect farmer data located in tidal swamps land villages with acid sulphate land, peatyland,. and potential land typologies in South Kalimantan. Quantitative analysis of data was carried out using linear programming model and sensitivity analysis, utilizing the BLPX 88 program.The findings of the analysis showed that villages allocated resources differently with the implication that incomes earned by the villages differed from one village to the other. However, it was found out too that optimal solution showed the need for the continuation of rice growing in the areas. Farmers who were located in potential areas where tangerine were grown produce higher incomes than the other two villages. To replicate the cropping pattern farmers in potential land in acid sulphate land and peatyland, resulted into a drastic increase in income earned by farmers

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Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Alih Fungsi Lahan Sawah di Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian ◽

10.17969/jimfp.v3i4.9394 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 525-533

Author(s):

Raudhatul Husna ◽

Azhar Azhar ◽

Edy Marsudi

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Population Density ◽

Rice Field ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Rice Productivity ◽

Negative Impacts

Abstrak. Alih fungsi lahan atau lazimnya disebut sebagai konversi lahan adalah perubahan fungsi sebagian atau seluruh kawasan lahan dari fungsinya semula (seperti yang direncanakan) menjadi fungsi lain yang membawa dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan potensi lahan itu sendiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah harga lahan, kepadatan penduduk, produktivitas padi dan jumlah PDRB dapat mempengaruhi alih fungsi lahan sawah di Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data time series dengan range tahun 2002 sampai 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis regresi linier berganda. hasil penelitian dan pembahasan serta pengujian SPSS menunjukkan bahwa harga lahan, kepadatan penduduk, dan produktivitas padi berpengaruh nyata terhadap alih fungsi lahan sawah di Kabupaten Aceh Besar. sedangkan jumlah PDRB tidak berpengaruh terhadap alih fungsi lahan sawah. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh koefisien regresi untuk variabel jumlah PDRB sebesar 0,00015. Hasil pengujian statistik menunjukkan nilai t hitung untuk jumlah PDRB sebesar 1,315 dengan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,218. Sedangkan nilai t tabel sebesar 1,782 yang berarti nilai t hitung t tabel (1,315 1,782). Factors Affecting The Conversion Of Paddy Fields In Kabupaten Aceh Besar Abstract. Land use change or commonly referred to as land conversion is a change in the function of part or all of the land area from its original function (as planned) into other functions that bring negative impacts to the environment and the potential of the land itself. This study aims to find out whether the price of land, population density, rice productivity and the amount of GRDP can affect the conversion of rice field functions in Aceh Besar District. The data used in this research is secondary data. The data collected is time series data with range of year 2002 until 2016. This research use multiple linier regression analysis method. the results of research and discussion and testing of SPSS showed that land price, population density, and rice productivity significantly affected the conversion of wetland in Aceh Besar district. while the number of GDP does not affect the conversion of wetland. This is indicated by the regression coefficient for the GRDP variable of 0.00015. The results of statistical tests show the value of t arithmetic for the amount of GRDP by 1.315 with a significant value of 0.218. While the value of t table of 1.782 which means the value of t arithmetic t table (1,315 1.782).

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