Three Documents on Anti-Jewish Violence in the Eastern Kresy during the Polish–Soviet Conflict

2001 ◽  
pp. 116-149
Author(s):  
Sarunas Liekis ◽  
Lidia Miliakova ◽  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Document Collections ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Town

This chapter presents three documents describing the anti-Jewish violence in Lida and in Vilna in April 1919. The documents on Lida come from the collection of the supreme command of the Polish army in the holdings of the Tsentr khraneniia istoriko-dokumentalnykh kollektsii (Moscow Centre for the Preservation of Historical and Document Collections). Lida was a small town about 60 miles south of Vilna, with which it was linked by rail. In 1919, its population was about 5,500, of whom the majority were Jews (67.7 per cent according to the census of 1897). Disputes arose almost immediately after the town was recaptured by Polish forces in April 1919, on the scale and reasons for the anti-Jewish violence which followed the establishment of Polish control. On 18 April 1919, the report of the Polish central headquarters covering the military developments in Lida claimed that ‘the Jewish population assisted the Bolsheviks by shooting Polish troops’.

scholarly journals EMPIRE, COMMUNITY, AND CULTURE ON THE MIDDLE EUPHRATES. DURENES, PALMYRENES, VILLAGERS, AND SOLDIERS

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-95
Author(s):  
TED KAIZER
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Town

Abstract The focus of this paper is on the Middle Euphrates: Dura-Europos as its best-known urban settlement; a series of villages known mostly from two papyrological dossiers situated along the river; and the military stations on the Euphrates. The paper asks questions about the impact (or lack of it) of the culture of Palmyra on the region's communities. It is argued that Dura-Europos remains our best case study for social and religious life in a Near Eastern small town under the Roman empire, and that the only evidence that actually makes the town look potentially ‘untypical’ is the idiosyncratic source material related to its Palmyrene inhabitants. The paper also questions the traditional periodization of Dura's history and puts forward the hypothesis that at two points during the so-called ‘Parthian phase’ Palmyrenes took advantage of a power vacuum along the Middle Euphrates and became the dominant military factor in the region.

Pińsk, Saturday 5 April, 1919

2004 ◽  
pp. 227-251
Author(s):  
Jerzy Tomaszewski
Keyword(s):  
Small Town ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Town

This chapter recounts a drama which took place in Pińsk, a small town in Polesie, on the evening of April 5, 1919: 34 Jews were shot dead by the order of the commander of the local Polish military garrison. The event took place when a number of strangers were present in the town, so that the news arrived in Warsaw as early as April 6 and on April 7, a member of the Food Distributing Commission sent a report to the Jewish Parliamentary Club. On April 8, Jewish deputies submitted a question in Parliament, based partly on this report. On April 9, Warsaw newspapers brought out more or less comprehensive accounts, including information contained in the parliamentary question and an announcement of the official Polish Telegraphic Agency (PAT). The executions in Pińsk, which, as further investigations have shown, were a glaring example of lawlessness and abuse of authority committed by the military, had wide international repercussions.

Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II

2008 ◽  
pp. 177-205
Author(s):  
Adam Kopciowski
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Early Years ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Condition ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Post War ◽  
Anti Jewish

In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region

The Exceptions to the Rule

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Cynthia Seton-Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Anti Jewish

Abstract History has largely ignored Anglo-Jewish history in the years between the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290 and their readmittance in 1656 by Cromwell. This article revisits that period and disputes the misconception that the Period of Expulsion left England without any Jews for nearly 400 years. Although the small Jewish population ebbed and flowed with the rising and waning tides of English anti-Jewish hostilities, it nevertheless persevered. This article highlights some of the more well-known and thus well-documented of these Jews, the majority of whom were Crypto-Jews of Spanish or Portuguese origin.

Between Hinterland and Frontier: Ottoman Vidin, Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSSITSA GRADEVA
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
National Library ◽  
Provincial Administration ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Town

This chapter examines how the frontier and the changing fate of the region influenced the military system as well as the provincial administration and agrarian regime. It focuses on Vidin in the period of the wars which made it a frontier outpost again, being either directly occupied (by the Holy League) or under immediate threat (in 1715–18). As in many other frontier areas, military activity affected relations between Muslims and Christians in the province and the town of Vidin. This chapter contributes to a better understanding of the complex impact of the wars during the expansion and contraction of the Ottoman state. The discussion is based mainly on documents from the series of kadi sicils, the records of the sharia court in the town, preserved from the last years of the seventeenth century onwards and kept in the Sofia National Library.

Foul-Weather Friends

2021 ◽  
pp. 441-462
Author(s):  
Curtis G. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Ritual Murder ◽  
Murder Trials ◽  
The Town

This chapter highlights the civil–military commission of Lublin voivodeship that adjudicated a contract dispute between the town magistracy and the Jewish community of Lublin over the quartering of soldiers for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's rapidly growing army. It analyzes the quarrels between Jews and their Christian neighbours that punctuated small-town life in pre-modern eastern Europe. It also points out how disputes serve as a reminder that the confrontations between Jews and Christians did not arise from ethno-religious hostility. The chapter mentions historians of Poland–Lithuania that often viewed the dynamics of Jewish–Christian interaction through dramatic details, such as the escalation of ritual murder trials in the eighteenth century. It describes contacts between urban Christians and Jews that revolved around concrete and prosaic concerns that were connected with the ambiguous powers and duties of both groups.

Jews in Lithuania between the Two World Wars

2013 ◽  
pp. 253-273
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Land Reform ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
World War ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town ◽  
First World

This chapter addresses the position of Jews in Lithuania between the two world wars. Although the history of inter-war Lithuania reveals many political failures, it is clear that, even during the authoritarian period, civil society continued to develop. Illiteracy was largely eradicated and impressive advances were made in social and intellectual life. In addition, land reform created a prosperous farming community whose products made up the bulk of the country's exports. The first years of Lithuanian independence were marked by a far-reaching experiment in Jewish autonomy. The experiment attracted wide attention across the Jewish world and was taken as a model by some Jewish politicians in Poland. Jewish autonomy also seemed to be in the interests of Lithuanians. The bulk of the Lithuanian lands remained largely agricultural until the First World War. Relations between Jews, who were the principal intermediaries between the town and manor and the countryside, and the mainly peasant Lithuanians took the form of a hostile symbiosis. This relationship was largely peaceful, and anti-Jewish violence was rare, although, as elsewhere, the relationship was marked by mutual contempt.

The Day after the Pogrom: A Documentary Account

2000 ◽  
pp. 347-355
Author(s):  
Józef Bekker
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
Vexed Question ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
The Town

This chapter assesses the wave of pogroms of 1903–06. The pogrom in Siedlce, which took place in September of 1906, was the last outbreak of the wave of violence which began in Kishinev in April of 1903. The main railway line from Warsaw to Terespol and on to Moscow ran through the town and was responsible for its expansion in the last part of the nineteenth century. It also accounted both for its strategic importance and for the presence there of a significant socialist movement. These factors explain the role of the Russian army, and in particular the Libau regiment, as well as the Monarchist League in organizing the pogrom. Estimates of Jewish casualties range from twenty-three dead to 100 dead and 300 wounded. The chapter highlights an account written in Russian by Józef Bekker, who was a well-known Yiddish journalist. Bekker's account illustrates many aspects of the problems raised by the wave of pogroms of 1903–06, in particular the vexed question of the degree to which this was orchestrated centrally and the role of the army and local tsarist officials in initiating anti-Jewish violence.

The Vilna Pogrom of 19–21 April 1919

2021 ◽  
pp. 463-494
Author(s):  
Szymon Rudnicki
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
A Priori ◽  
First World War ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
World War ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
First World

This chapter mentions Jarosław Wołkonowski of Vilna and Przemysław Rózanski of Gdansk, who wrote about the events in Vilna based on materials located in US archives. It talks about opposing descriptions of the events in Vilna, in which there was denial of any anti-Jewish behaviour. It also discusses the significant decrease of the Jewish population of Vilna during the First World War, while the Polish population increased. The chapter examines the theory about negative attitudes towards the Poles, which was established a priori under the influence of prevailing anti-Jewish attitudes and the triumph of nationalist ideas. It explores the Poles' attitude towards Jews that arose because the Jewish population was seen above all as supportive of Bolshevism.

Mass Murder and International Assassination

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-151
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Rabe
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
South American ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Henry Kissinger ◽  
American Military ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
Operation Condor ◽  
The Military

This chapter examines the grotesque policies of the military commanders of Argentina and Chile. Argentina emulated its South American neighbors when the military seized power in March of 1976. Argentina's military rulers thought it would be in the nation's best interest to eliminate 50,000 Argentines. Secretary Henry Kissinger was made aware of the Argentine military's campaign of mass murder by U.S. officials in Washington and Buenos Aires. His aides further warned him that Argentina's murderers and torturers targeted Argentina's Jewish population. The chapter then looks at Secretary Kissinger's response to Operation Condor, a conspiracy of South American military dictatorships that perpetrated international assassinations and terrorism.

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