The Growth of an Industry

2014 ◽  
pp. 15-36
Author(s):  
Keith Withall
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Horizontal Integration ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
World War ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Film Form

This chapter examines the second decade of cinema, which runs approximately from 1905 to the start of World War I in 1914. This period sees the establishment of an industrial organisation for film, both in Europe and the USA. The development of the industry involves two key concepts in film studies: vertical and horizontal integration. Essentially, as the industry developed and firms grew larger, they attempted to exert ever greater control on the market. The key was exhibition, which is where the actual money from admissions was made. Both France and the USA are interesting models for study in this development, and each has distinctive features. The study should include as many of the key factors that enabled this growth in monopoly. These include the development of the dedicated film theatre, the introduction of a rental system, and the developments in programming and film form. Also, there is the rich area of stardom as this period sees the establishment of the film centre Hollywood.

Englishness, Empire and Nostalgia: A Heterodox Religious Community's Appeal in the Inter-War Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 374-392
Author(s):  
Jane Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Belief Networks ◽  
Healing Ministry ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
The Rich

This article looks at the ways in which the Panacea Society – a heterodox, millenarian group based in Bedford during the inter-war years – spread its ideas: through personal, familial and shared belief networks across the British empire; by building new modes of attracting adherents, in particular a global healing ministry; and by shipping its publications widely. It then examines how the society appealed to its (white) members in the empire in three ways: through its theology, which put Britain at the centre of the world; by presuming the necessity and existence of a ‘Greater Britain’ and the British empire, while in so many other quarters these entities were being questioned in the wake of World War I; and by a deliberately cultivated and nostalgic notion of ‘Englishness’. The Panacea Society continued and developed the idea of the British empire as providential at a time when the idea no longer held currency in most circles. The article draws on the rich resource of letters in the Panacea Society archive to contribute to an emerging area of scholarship on migrants’ experience in the early twentieth-century British empire (especially the dominions) and their sense of identity, in this case both religious and British.

Changing Views and Perspectives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudmer Canjels
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
World War I ◽  
Promotional Material ◽  
World War ◽  
National Body ◽  
Transnational Film ◽  
Serial Films ◽  
Film Form ◽  
Made In

This chapter examines Pearl White's serials in France and the transformations made in tailoring them to the local French setting during World War I. It first provides an overview of the glocalization of American serial films in France before discussing two of Pearl White's serials, Les Mystères de New-York and The House of Hate (La Maison de la haine). It then considers the marketing adaptations and marketing tie-ins of the serials for the French market, along with the incorporation of anti-German propaganda in their French novelizations. In shows that the adaptation not only aligned promotional material or changing intertitles to accommodate viewership, but also, under the stress of war, localization transformed a supposedly national body of “foreign” films into a highly flexible transnational film form. The chapter also explains how Pearl White's love for France that was often made apparent in her serials boosted the French admiration of her.

History of the USA since World War I

1978 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1156
Author(s):  
Stuart Rochester ◽  
N. Sivachyov ◽  
E. Yazkov
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

A Suggested Research Strategy in Western European Government and Politics

1955 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1042-1049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel A. Almond ◽  
Taylor Cole ◽  
Roy C. Macridis
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Research Strategy ◽  
World War ◽  
American Government ◽  
European Area ◽  
American Students ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes

If one compares the literature on American government and politics with that which concerns continental Europe, it is quite evident that the two fields of study in the last decades have proceeded on somewhat different assumptions as to the scope and methods of political science. This divergence is of relatively recent origin. Before World War I a substantial number of leading American students in this field had their training in European centers of learning, and brought back with them the rich tradition of European historical, philosophical, and legal scholarship.With noteworthy exceptions the study of continental European political institutions still tends to be dominated by this historical, philosophical, and legal emphasis. The continuity of scholarship in the continental European area has been broken by the two world wars, by totalitarian regimes, by enemy occupation, and by the persistence of internal antagonism and cleavages. With the exception of a few years in the 1920's, the entire era since World War I has been one of catastrophe or the atmosphere of catastrophe in which scientific inquiry and the renewal of the scientific cadres could be carried on only for short periods, under the greatest handicaps, and with inadequate resources.

scholarly journals Confronting US imperialism with international law. Central America and the arms trade of the inter-war period

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-509
Author(s):  
Daniel Stahl
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
International Law ◽  
Central America ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Arms Control ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

This article analyses attempts to regulate the access to arms in Central America from the beginning of the World War I to the end of the 1920s. During these years, the USA was not only the politically and economically dominant force in the region – they were also the main provider of weapons. In a region where societies were reshaped by the integration into a global economy, political groups depended on the access to weapons to enforce their claims for power. This gave the US government the possibility to use arms exports as well as arms embargos to shape politics in the region. Within this setting, arms control through international law became a contested subject. The First World War boosted international debates about disarmament. The Wilson administration joined these debates with proposals, which would have enabled Washington to better control the flow of arms into the Western Hemisphere. Central American governments, on the other hand, joined disarmament negotiations in Geneva to shape international law in a way to restrict Washington’s influence in the region and to ensure equal treatment at the international level. The impact of this conflict was not limited to the Western Hemisphere, and it left its imprint on European disarmament policies. Thus, this article reveals how international arms control was inscribed at the same time in imperial and anti-imperial agendas in a region with formally sovereign states.

The Effect of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic on Income Inequality: Evidence from Italy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Sergio Galletta ◽  
Tommaso Giommoni
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
World War I ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
The Rich ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Identification Strategy

Abstract We estimate the effect of the 1918 influenza pandemic on income inequality in Italian municipalities. Our identification strategy exploits the exogenous diffusion of influenza across municipalities due to the presence of infected soldiers on leave from World War I operations. The measures of income inequality come from newly digitized historical administrative records on taxpayer incomes. We show that in the short/medium run, income inequality is higher in municipalities more afflicted by the pandemic. The effect is mostly explained by an increase in the share of income held by the rich to the detriment of the other strata of the population.

Linguistic accommodations and electoral participation

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shauna Reilly ◽  
Jeffrey Mark Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Voting Rights ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Voting Rights Act ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Linguistic Accommodation ◽  
The Usa

The purpose of this study was to advance the understanding of the influence geo-political events and legislation can have on the accommodation of minority language voters. Particularly, this study focused on the effects of (1) the Voting Rights Act of 1965 on minority language voters in the USA, and (2) World War I on minority language voters in Austria. We use a most similar systems design with our case studies. The results from the most similar systems design suggest that while both the USA and Austria have similar constitutional structures, are stable democracies, and have laws enacted to help protect the rights of minority language speakers (the VRA of 1965 in the USA, and Art. 8 of the Austrian State Treaty of 1955), they have developed two different approaches to linguistic accommodation for minority language speakers at elections. This study has helped to further the researchers’ understanding of the influence geo-political events and legislation can have on the accommodation of minority language voters.

History of the USA since World War I

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Gaddis Smith ◽  
N. Sivachyov ◽  
E. Yazkov
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

European Direct Investment in the USA before World War I.

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Jones ◽  
Peter J. Buckley ◽  
Brian R. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
World War ◽  
The Usa
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